{"id":"doi:10.1088/1741-2552/aea70f","kind":"article","title":"Ultra high-density, 4096-channel intraoperative neurophysiological brain mapping for functional localization of the human central sulcus","authors":["Skular AF","Tostaeva G","Ho E","Dister J","Cummins DD","Barth K","Nunez L","Poole A","Mermel CH","Rapoport B","Bederson JB","Saez I"],"author_count":12,"year":2026,"published":"2026-10-21","venue":"Journal of neural engineering","cited_by":0,"doi":"10.1088/1741-2552/aea70f","arxiv_id":null,"nct_id":null,"source_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2552/aea70f","archive_url":"https://space-kitty.com/papers/doi:10.1088/1741-2552/aea70f","updated":null,"pmid":"42735699","pmcid":null,"openalex_id":null,"pdf_url":null,"abstract":"Objective. Intraoperative localization of the central sulcus (CS) using somatosensory evoked-potential (SSEP) phase reversal (PR) is routinely performed with sparse subdural strip electrodes. We evaluated whether a multi-array, 4096-channel surface micro-electrocorticography ( μ ECoG) configuration could provide dense two-dimensional sampling of stimulus-dependent sensorimotor responses within a standard neurosurgical workflow. Approach. Four Precision Neuroscience Layer 7 μ ECoG arrays (1024 platinum electrodes per array on a flexible polyimide substrate, 400 μ m electrode pitch, ∼1.5 cm 2 active area per array) were deployed during resection of a right parafalcine meningioma in a 56-year-old male. Two arrays were placed horizontally on the exposed precentral gyrus; two were inserted under the intact dura overlying the postcentral gyrus, using a custom flexible stylet. Somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) were recorded across five contralateral stimulation conditions (median nerve, ulnar nerve, index finger, middle finger, ring finger). Per-electrode SSEP responses were classified without anatomical labels, and spatial organization was quantified across stimulation conditions. Stimulus-locked high-gamma activity, digit-response maps, and signal quality across micro- and macroelectrodes were also evaluated. Main results. Aggregate channel yield was 91.3% (3739/4096) at a 2 MΩ impedance criterion (per-array range 86.7%-97.0%). Per-electrode amplitude maps resolved continuous phase-reversal contours with stimulus-specific spatial structure; reversal latencies were 19, 21, 25, 26, and 25 ms for median, ulnar, index, middle, and ring stimulation respectively. PR occurred within a single array in eight of ten sensory-array recordings, with the phase-reversal pattern varying across stimulation conditions. Digit responses showed measurable spatial differentiation within substantially overlapping response fields. Automated classification of the phase-reversal responses recovered the expected motor and sensory organization, consistent with the standard-of-care intraoperative localization performed in the same case. Significance. The deployment shows that a four-array Layer 7 μ ECoG configuration can be used within a standard neurosurgical exposure and provides dense two-dimensional sampling of stimulus-dependent phase-reversal patterns across the peri-Rolandic recording field. The measured responses were correlated across approximately 3-4 mm of cortex, an order of magnitude coarser than the 400 μ m electrode pitch, so the contribution demonstrated here is dense spatial sampling rather than submillimeter physiological resolution. Dense sampling rendered the polarity transition as a continuous two-dimensional boundary across the recording field rather than as a reversal between two adjacent contacts. The platform supports future evaluation of high-density surface μ ECoG for intraoperative mapping and chronic brain-computer interface applications.","abstract_license":"CC-BY (article license as recorded by Europe PMC; abstract reproduced unmodified apart from markup removal)","license":"CC-BY","is_open_access":false,"retracted":false,"peer_reviewed":null,"categories":[],"details":null,"provenance":"europepmc","attribution":"Abstract of \"Ultra high-density, 4096-channel intraoperative neurophysiological brain mapping for functional localization of the human central sulcus\" by Skular AF, Tostaeva G, Ho E et al., https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2552/aea70f, used under its Creative Commons Attribution license (CC-BY); markup removed, otherwise unmodified.","topics":[{"slug":"brain-computer-interfaces","name":"Brain-Computer Interfaces","domain_slug":"neuroscience"}],"cited_in_dossiers":[{"slug":"brain-computer-interfaces","title":"Brain-Computer Interfaces: State of the Field (October 2026)","url":"https://space-kitty.com/dossiers/brain-computer-interfaces"}]}