{"topic":"magnetic-fusion","sort":"top","limit":25,"offset":0,"count":25,"papers":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41586-021-04301-9","kind":"article","title":"Magnetic control of tokamak plasmas through deep reinforcement learning","authors":["Jonas Degrave","Federico Felici","Jonas Buchli","Michael Neunert","Brendan Tracey","F. Carpanese","Timo Ewalds","Roland Hafner","Abbas Abdolmaleki","Diego de Las Casas","Craig Donner","Leslie Fritz","C. Galperti","Andrea Huber","James Keeling","Maria Tsimpoukelli","Jackie Kay","A. Merle","J.M. Moret","Seb Noury","Federico Pesamosca","David Pfau","O. Sauter","Cristian Sommariva","S. Coda"],"author_count":31,"year":2022,"published":"2022-02-16","venue":"Nature","cited_by":751,"doi":"10.1038/s41586-021-04301-9","arxiv_id":null,"nct_id":null,"source_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04301-9","archive_url":"https://space-kitty.com/papers/doi:10.1038/s41586-021-04301-9","updated":null,"pmid":"35173339","pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"W4213377513","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-04301-9.pdf","abstract":"Abstract Nuclear fusion using magnetic confinement, in particular in the tokamak configuration, is a promising path towards sustainable energy. A core challenge is to shape and maintain a high-temperature plasma within the tokamak vessel. This requires high-dimensional, high-frequency, closed-loop control using magnetic actuator coils, further complicated by the diverse requirements across a wide range of plasma configurations. In this work, we introduce a previously undescribed architecture for tokamak magnetic controller design that autonomously learns to command the full set of control coils. This architecture meets control objectives specified at a high level, at the same time satisfying physical and operational constraints. This approach has unprecedented flexibility and generality in problem specification and yields a notable reduction in design effort to produce new plasma configurations. We successfully produce and control a diverse set of plasma configurations on the Tokamak à Configuration Variable 1,2 , including elongated, conventional shapes, as well as advanced configurations, such as negative triangularity and ‘snowflake’ configurations. Our approach achieves accurate tracking of the location, current and shape for these configurations. We also demonstrate sustained ‘droplets’ on TCV, in which two separate plasmas are maintained simultaneously within the vessel. This represents a notable advance for tokamak feedback control, showing the potential of reinforcement learning to accelerate research in the fusion domain, and is one of the most challenging real-world systems to which reinforcement learning has been applied.","abstract_license":"CC-BY (publisher license, via OpenAlex)","license":"cc-by","is_open_access":true,"retracted":false,"peer_reviewed":null,"categories":["Magnetic confinement fusion research"],"details":null,"provenance":"openalex","attribution":"Abstract of \"Magnetic control of tokamak plasmas through deep reinforcement learning\" by Jonas Degrave, Federico Felici, Jonas Buchli et al., https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04301-9, used under its Creative Commons Attribution license (CC-BY); markup removed, otherwise unmodified."},{"id":"doi:10.1103/physrevlett.106.225004","kind":"article","title":"First Observation of Edge Localized Modes Mitigation with Resonant and Nonresonant Magnetic Perturbations in ASDEX Upgrade","authors":["W. Suttrop","Thomas H. Eich","C. Fuchs","S. Günter","A. Janzer","A. Herrmann","A. Kallenbach","Peter Thomas Lang","T. Lunt","Marc Maraschek","R. M. McDermott","A. Mlynek","T. Pütterich","Michael Rott","Thomas Vierle","Elisabeth Wolfrum","Qing-Quan Yu","Irene Zammuto","Hartmut Zohm"],"author_count":19,"year":2011,"published":"2011-06-02","venue":"Physical Review Letters","cited_by":501,"doi":"10.1103/physrevlett.106.225004","arxiv_id":null,"nct_id":null,"source_url":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.106.225004","archive_url":"https://space-kitty.com/papers/doi:10.1103/physrevlett.106.225004","updated":null,"pmid":"21702608","pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"W2017118875","pdf_url":null,"abstract":null,"abstract_license":null,"license":"other-oa","is_open_access":true,"retracted":false,"peer_reviewed":null,"categories":["Magnetic confinement fusion research"],"details":null,"provenance":"openalex","attribution":"Metadata and citation counts: OpenAlex (CC0)."},{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1116-4","kind":"article","title":"Predicting disruptive instabilities in controlled fusion plasmas through deep learning","authors":["Julian Kates‐Harbeck","Alexey Svyatkovskiy","William M. Tang"],"author_count":3,"year":2019,"published":"2019-04-01","venue":"Nature","cited_by":367,"doi":"10.1038/s41586-019-1116-4","arxiv_id":null,"nct_id":null,"source_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1116-4","archive_url":"https://space-kitty.com/papers/doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1116-4","updated":null,"pmid":"30996348","pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"W2937394206","pdf_url":"https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1507546","abstract":null,"abstract_license":null,"license":null,"is_open_access":true,"retracted":false,"peer_reviewed":null,"categories":["Magnetic confinement fusion research"],"details":null,"provenance":"openalex","attribution":"Metadata and citation counts: OpenAlex (CC0)."},{"id":"doi:10.1088/0034-4885/77/8/087001","kind":"article","title":"Theory of plasma confinement in non-axisymmetric magnetic fields","authors":["P. Helander"],"author_count":1,"year":2014,"published":"2014-07-21","venue":"Reports on Progress in Physics","cited_by":355,"doi":"10.1088/0034-4885/77/8/087001","arxiv_id":null,"nct_id":null,"source_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0034-4885/77/8/087001","archive_url":"https://space-kitty.com/papers/doi:10.1088/0034-4885/77/8/087001","updated":null,"pmid":"25047050","pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"W1995817278","pdf_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-001M-0000-0023-C75B-7","abstract":null,"abstract_license":null,"license":"other-oa","is_open_access":true,"retracted":false,"peer_reviewed":null,"categories":["Magnetic confinement fusion research"],"details":null,"provenance":"openalex","attribution":"Metadata and citation counts: OpenAlex (CC0)."},{"id":"doi:10.1063/1.5090100","kind":"article","title":"Challenges for plasma-facing components in nuclear fusion","authors":["Jochen Max Linke","Juan Du","Th. Loewenhoff","G. Pintsuk","B. Spilker","Isabel Steudel","M. Wirtz"],"author_count":7,"year":2019,"published":"2019-08-21","venue":"Matter and Radiation at Extremes","cited_by":331,"doi":"10.1063/1.5090100","arxiv_id":null,"nct_id":null,"source_url":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5090100","archive_url":"https://space-kitty.com/papers/doi:10.1063/1.5090100","updated":null,"pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"W2969378109","pdf_url":null,"abstract":"The interaction processes between the burning plasma and the first wall in a fusion reactor are diverse: the first wall will be exposed to extreme thermal loads of up to several tens of megawatts per square meter during quasistationary operation, combined with repeated intense thermal shocks (with energy densities of up to several megajoules per square meter and pulse durations on a millisecond time scale). In addition to these thermal loads, the wall will be subjected to bombardment by plasma ions and neutral particles (D, T, and He) and by energetic neutrons with energies up to 14 MeV. Hopefully, ITER will not only demonstrate that thermonuclear fusion of deuterium and tritium is feasible in magnetic confinement regimes; it will also act as a first test device for plasma-facing materials (PFMs) and plasma-facing components (PFCs) under realistic synergistic loading scenarios that cover all the above-mentioned load types. In the absence of an integrated test device, material tests are being performed primarily in specialized facilities that concentrate only on the most essential material properties. New multipurpose test facilities are now available that can also focus on more complex loading scenarios and thus help to minimize the risk of an unexpected material or component failure. Thermonuclear fusion—both with magnetic and with inertial confinement—is making great progress, and the goal of scientific break-even will be reached soon. However, to achieve that end, significant technical problems, particularly in the field of high-temperature and radiation-resistant materials, must be solved. With ITER, the first nuclear reactor that burns a deuterium–tritium plasma with a fusion power gain Q ≥ 10 will start operation in the next decade. To guarantee safe operation of this rather sophisticated fusion device, new PFMs and PFCs that are qualified to withstand the harsh environments in such a tokamak reactor have been developed and are now entering the manufacturing stage.","abstract_license":"CC-BY (publisher license, via OpenAlex)","license":"cc-by","is_open_access":true,"retracted":false,"peer_reviewed":null,"categories":["Fusion materials and technologies"],"details":null,"provenance":"openalex","attribution":"Abstract of \"Challenges for plasma-facing components in nuclear fusion\" by Jochen Max Linke, Juan Du, Th. Loewenhoff et al., https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5090100, used under its Creative Commons Attribution license (CC-BY); markup removed, otherwise unmodified."},{"id":"doi:10.1088/0029-5515/52/1/013009","kind":"article","title":"Heuristic drift-based model of the power scrape-off width in low-gas-puff H-mode tokamaks","authors":["R.J. Goldston"],"author_count":1,"year":2011,"published":"2011-12-05","venue":"Nuclear Fusion","cited_by":345,"doi":"10.1088/0029-5515/52/1/013009","arxiv_id":null,"nct_id":null,"source_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/52/1/013009","archive_url":"https://space-kitty.com/papers/doi:10.1088/0029-5515/52/1/013009","updated":null,"pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"W2140013642","pdf_url":null,"abstract":null,"abstract_license":null,"license":null,"is_open_access":false,"retracted":false,"peer_reviewed":null,"categories":["Magnetic confinement fusion research"],"details":null,"provenance":"openalex","attribution":"Metadata and citation counts: OpenAlex (CC0)."},{"id":"doi:10.1088/0029-5515/50/10/105005","kind":"article","title":"I-mode: an H-mode energy confinement regime with L-mode particle transport in Alcator C-Mod","authors":["Dennis G. Whyte","A. Hubbard","J. W. Hughes","B. Lipschultz","John E. Rice","E. Marmar","M. Greenwald","I. Cziegler","Arturo Dominguez","T. Golfinopoulos","Nathan T. Howard","L. Lin","R. M. McDermott","Miklos Porkolab","Matthew L. Reinke","J. L. Terry","Naoto Tsujii","Stephen M. Wolfe","Stephen J. Wukitch","Y. Lin","the Alcator C-Mod Team"],"author_count":21,"year":2010,"published":"2010-08-19","venue":"Nuclear Fusion","cited_by":340,"doi":"10.1088/0029-5515/50/10/105005","arxiv_id":null,"nct_id":null,"source_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/50/10/105005","archive_url":"https://space-kitty.com/papers/doi:10.1088/0029-5515/50/10/105005","updated":null,"pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"W2091008242","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0029-5515/50/10/105005/pdf","abstract":null,"abstract_license":null,"license":null,"is_open_access":true,"retracted":false,"peer_reviewed":null,"categories":["Magnetic confinement fusion research"],"details":null,"provenance":"openalex","attribution":"Metadata and citation counts: OpenAlex (CC0)."},{"id":"doi:10.1103/physrevlett.106.065001","kind":"article","title":"Mean and Oscillating Plasma Flows and Turbulence Interactions across the L−H Confinement Transition","authors":["G. D. Conway","C. Angioni","Francois Ryter","P. Sauter","J. Vicente"],"author_count":5,"year":2011,"published":"2011-02-08","venue":"Physical Review Letters","cited_by":307,"doi":"10.1103/physrevlett.106.065001","arxiv_id":null,"nct_id":null,"source_url":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.106.065001","archive_url":"https://space-kitty.com/papers/doi:10.1103/physrevlett.106.065001","updated":null,"pmid":"21405471","pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"W1967483716","pdf_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-001M-0000-0026-EA90-1","abstract":null,"abstract_license":null,"license":"other-oa","is_open_access":true,"retracted":false,"peer_reviewed":null,"categories":["Magnetic confinement fusion research"],"details":null,"provenance":"openalex","attribution":"Metadata and citation counts: OpenAlex (CC0)."},{"id":"doi:10.1038/nphys2795","kind":"article","title":"A long-pulse high-confinement plasma regime in the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak","authors":["J. Li","Huan Guo","Baonian Wan","Xiaojing Gong","Y. Liang","Guosheng Xu","K.F. Gan","Jiansheng Hu","Huiqian Wang","Liang Wang","Long Zeng","Yuanzhe Zhao","P. Denner","G.L. Jackson","Alberto Loarte","Rajesh Maingi","Jonathan E. Menard","Michael Rack","X. L. Zou"],"author_count":19,"year":2013,"published":"2013-11-15","venue":"Nature Physics","cited_by":292,"doi":"10.1038/nphys2795","arxiv_id":null,"nct_id":null,"source_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/nphys2795","archive_url":"https://space-kitty.com/papers/doi:10.1038/nphys2795","updated":null,"pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"W2068670408","pdf_url":null,"abstract":null,"abstract_license":null,"license":null,"is_open_access":false,"retracted":false,"peer_reviewed":null,"categories":["Magnetic confinement fusion research"],"details":null,"provenance":"openalex","attribution":"Metadata and citation counts: OpenAlex (CC0)."},{"id":"doi:10.1038/nphys3745","kind":"article","title":"Magnetic-confinement fusion","authors":["J. Ongena","Raymond Koch","Robert C. WOLF","Hartmut Zohm"],"author_count":4,"year":2016,"published":"2016-05-01","venue":"Nature Physics","cited_by":282,"doi":"10.1038/nphys3745","arxiv_id":null,"nct_id":null,"source_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/nphys3745","archive_url":"https://space-kitty.com/papers/doi:10.1038/nphys3745","updated":null,"pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"W2346286163","pdf_url":null,"abstract":null,"abstract_license":null,"license":null,"is_open_access":false,"retracted":false,"peer_reviewed":null,"categories":["Magnetic confinement fusion research"],"details":null,"provenance":"openalex","attribution":"Metadata and citation counts: OpenAlex (CC0)."},{"id":"doi:10.1088/0029-5515/53/8/083023","kind":"article","title":"Fuel retention studies with the ITER-Like Wall in JET","authors":["S. Brezinsek","T. Loarer","Volker Philipps","H.G. Esser","S. Grünhagen","R. Smith","Robert Felton","J. Banks","P.C. da Silva Aresta Belo","Alexandru Boboc","J. Bucalossi","M. Clever","J.W. Coenen","I. Coffey","S. Devaux","D. Douai","M. Freisinger","Domenico Frigione","Mathias Groth","A. Huber","Joerg Hobirk","S. Jachmich","Stuart Knipe","Karl Krieger","Uron Kruezi"],"author_count":36,"year":2013,"published":"2013-07-22","venue":"Nuclear Fusion","cited_by":235,"doi":"10.1088/0029-5515/53/8/083023","arxiv_id":null,"nct_id":null,"source_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/8/083023","archive_url":"https://space-kitty.com/papers/doi:10.1088/0029-5515/53/8/083023","updated":null,"pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"W1979203129","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0029-5515/53/8/083023/pdf","abstract":null,"abstract_license":null,"license":null,"is_open_access":true,"retracted":false,"peer_reviewed":null,"categories":["Fusion materials and technologies"],"details":null,"provenance":"openalex","attribution":"Metadata and citation counts: OpenAlex (CC0)."},{"id":"doi:10.1103/physrevlett.122.115001","kind":"article","title":"Achievement of Reactor-Relevant Performance in Negative Triangularity Shape in the DIII-D Tokamak","authors":["Max E. Austin","A. Marinoni","M. L. Walker","M. W. Brookman","J.S. deGrassie","A.W. Hyatt","G. R. McKee","C. C. Petty","T. L. Rhodes","S. P. Smith","C. Sung","K. E. Thome","A. D. Turnbull"],"author_count":13,"year":2019,"published":"2019-03-18","venue":"Physical Review Letters","cited_by":190,"doi":"10.1103/physrevlett.122.115001","arxiv_id":null,"nct_id":null,"source_url":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.122.115001","archive_url":"https://space-kitty.com/papers/doi:10.1103/physrevlett.122.115001","updated":null,"pmid":"30951344","pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"W2921049966","pdf_url":null,"abstract":null,"abstract_license":null,"license":null,"is_open_access":false,"retracted":false,"peer_reviewed":null,"categories":["Magnetic confinement fusion research"],"details":null,"provenance":"openalex","attribution":"Metadata and citation counts: OpenAlex (CC0)."},{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03687-w","kind":"article","title":"Demonstration of reduced neoclassical energy transport in Wendelstein 7-X","authors":["C. D. Beidler","Håkan M. Smith","Arturo Alonso","T. Andreeva","Juergen Baldzuhn","M. Beurskens","Matthias Borchardt","S. Bozhenkov","K. J. Brunner","Hannes Damm","M. Drevlak","Oliver P. Ford","G. Fuchert","J. Geiger","P. Helander","U. Hergenhahn","M. Hirsch","U. Höfel","Ye. O. Kazakov","Ralf Kleiber","M. Krychowiak","Sehyun Kwak","Andreas Langenberg","Heinrich Peter Laqua","Ulrich Neuner"],"author_count":100,"year":2021,"published":"2021-08-11","venue":"Nature","cited_by":170,"doi":"10.1038/s41586-021-03687-w","arxiv_id":null,"nct_id":null,"source_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03687-w","archive_url":"https://space-kitty.com/papers/doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03687-w","updated":null,"pmid":"34381232","pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"W3190034652","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03687-w.pdf","abstract":"Abstract Research on magnetic confinement of high-temperature plasmas has the ultimate goal of harnessing nuclear fusion for the production of electricity. Although the tokamak1 is the leading toroidal magnetic-confinement concept, it is not without shortcomings and the fusion community has therefore also pursued alternative concepts such as the stellarator. Unlike axisymmetric tokamaks, stellarators possess a three-dimensional (3D) magnetic field geometry. The availability of this additional dimension opens up an extensive configuration space for computational optimization of both the field geometry itself and the current-carrying coils that produce it. Such an optimization was undertaken in designing Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X)2, a large helical-axis advanced stellarator (HELIAS), which began operation in 2015 at Greifswald, Germany. A major drawback of 3D magnetic field geometry, however, is that it introduces a strong temperature dependence into the stellarator’s non-turbulent ‘neoclassical’ energy transport. Indeed, such energy losses will become prohibitive in high-temperature reactor plasmas unless a strong reduction of the geometrical factor associated with this transport can be achieved; such a reduction was therefore a principal goal of the design of W7-X. In spite of the modest heating power currently available, W7-X has already been able to achieve high-temperature plasma conditions during its 2017 and 2018 experimental campaigns, producing record values of the fusion triple product for such stellarator plasmas3,4. The triple product of plasma density, ion temperature and energy confinement time is used in fusion research as a figure of merit, as it must attain a certain threshold value before net-energy-producing operation of a reactor becomes possible1,5. Here we demonstrate that such record values provide evidence for reduced neoclassical energy transport in W7-X, as the plasma profiles that produced these results could not have been obtained in stellarators lacking a comparably high level of neoclassical optimization.","abstract_license":"CC-BY (publisher license, via OpenAlex)","license":"cc-by","is_open_access":true,"retracted":false,"peer_reviewed":null,"categories":["Magnetic confinement fusion research"],"details":null,"provenance":"openalex","attribution":"Abstract of \"Demonstration of reduced neoclassical energy transport in Wendelstein 7-X\" by C. D. Beidler, Håkan M. Smith, Arturo Alonso et al., https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03687-w, used under its Creative Commons Attribution license (CC-BY); markup removed, otherwise unmodified."},{"id":"doi:10.1063/1.3380857","kind":"article","title":"Thermonuclear ignition in inertial confinement fusion and comparison with magnetic confinement","authors":["R. Betti","P.-Y. Chang","B. K. Spears","K. S. Anderson","John Edwards","Milad Fatenejad","John D. Lindl","R. L. McCrory","R. Nora","Dov Shvarts"],"author_count":10,"year":2010,"published":"2010-04-23","venue":"Physics of Plasmas","cited_by":187,"doi":"10.1063/1.3380857","arxiv_id":null,"nct_id":null,"source_url":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3380857","archive_url":"https://space-kitty.com/papers/doi:10.1063/1.3380857","updated":null,"pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"W2019937921","pdf_url":null,"abstract":null,"abstract_license":null,"license":null,"is_open_access":false,"retracted":false,"peer_reviewed":null,"categories":["Laser-Plasma Interactions and Diagnostics"],"details":null,"provenance":"openalex","attribution":"Metadata and citation counts: OpenAlex (CC0)."},{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41567-018-0141-9","kind":"article","title":"Magnetic configuration effects on the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator","authors":["and the W7-X Team","A. Dinklage","C. D. Beidler","P. Helander","G. Fuchert","Henning Maassberg","K. Rahbarnia","T. S. Pedersen","Yuriy Turkin","Robert C. WOLF","Arturo Alonso","T. Andreeva","Boyd D. Blackwell","S. Bozhenkov","B. Buttenschön","Agata Czarnecka","F. Effenberg","Y. Feng","J. Geiger","M. Hirsch","U. Höfel","M. Jakubowski","Thomas Scott Klinger","Jens P Knauer","G. Kocsis"],"author_count":44,"year":2018,"published":"2018-05-18","venue":"Nature Physics","cited_by":166,"doi":"10.1038/s41567-018-0141-9","arxiv_id":null,"nct_id":null,"source_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-018-0141-9","archive_url":"https://space-kitty.com/papers/doi:10.1038/s41567-018-0141-9","updated":null,"pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"W2803352025","pdf_url":null,"abstract":null,"abstract_license":null,"license":"other-oa","is_open_access":true,"retracted":false,"peer_reviewed":null,"categories":["Magnetic confinement fusion research"],"details":null,"provenance":"openalex","attribution":"Metadata and citation counts: OpenAlex (CC0)."},{"id":"doi:10.1088/1741-4326/ac2525","kind":"article","title":"Operating a full tungsten actively cooled tokamak: overview of WEST first phase of operation","authors":["J. Bucalossi","Joelle Achard","O. Agullo","T. Alarcon","Ludovic Allegretti","H. Ancher","Ghassan Y. Antar","Steffen Antusch","V. Anzallo","C. Arnas","D. Arranger","J.F. Artaud","Marie-Hélène Aumeunier","S. G. Baek","Xinyi Bai","J. Balbin","C. Balorin","Tullio Barbui","A. Barbuti","J. Barlerin","Vladimir A. Basiuk","Tristan Batal","Olivier Baulaigue","A. Bec","M. Bécoulet"],"author_count":100,"year":2021,"published":"2021-09-09","venue":"Nuclear Fusion","cited_by":143,"doi":"10.1088/1741-4326/ac2525","arxiv_id":null,"nct_id":null,"source_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/ac2525","archive_url":"https://space-kitty.com/papers/doi:10.1088/1741-4326/ac2525","updated":null,"pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"W3200521508","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1741-4326/ac2525/pdf","abstract":"Abstract WEST is an MA class superconducting, actively cooled, full tungsten (W) tokamak, designed to operate in long pulses up to 1000 s. In support of ITER operation and DEMO conceptual activities, key missions of WEST are: (i) qualification of high heat flux plasma-facing components in integrating both technological and physics aspects in relevant heat and particle exhaust conditions, particularly for the tungsten monoblocks foreseen in ITER divertor; (ii) integrated steady-state operation at high confinement, with a focus on power exhaust issues. During the phase 1 of operation (2017–2020), a set of actively cooled ITER-grade plasma facing unit prototypes was integrated into the inertially cooled W coated startup lower divertor. Up to 8.8 MW of RF power has been coupled to the plasma and divertor heat flux of up to 6 MW m−2 were reached. Long pulse operation was started, using the upper actively cooled divertor, with a discharge of about 1 min achieved. This paper gives an overview of the results achieved in phase 1. Perspectives for phase 2, operating with the full capability of the device with the complete ITER-grade actively cooled lower divertor, are also described.","abstract_license":"CC-BY (publisher license, via OpenAlex)","license":"cc-by","is_open_access":true,"retracted":false,"peer_reviewed":null,"categories":["Magnetic confinement fusion research"],"details":null,"provenance":"openalex","attribution":"Abstract of \"Operating a full tungsten actively cooled tokamak: overview of WEST first phase of operation\" by J. Bucalossi, Joelle Achard, O. Agullo et al., https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/ac2525, used under its Creative Commons Attribution license (CC-BY); markup removed, otherwise unmodified."},{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.jnucmat.2013.01.282","kind":"article","title":"Plasma operation with an all metal first-wall: Comparison of an ITER-like wall with a carbon wall in JET","authors":["G.F. Matthews"],"author_count":1,"year":2013,"published":"2013-01-16","venue":"Journal of Nuclear Materials","cited_by":169,"doi":"10.1016/j.jnucmat.2013.01.282","arxiv_id":null,"nct_id":null,"source_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2013.01.282","archive_url":"https://space-kitty.com/papers/doi:10.1016/j.jnucmat.2013.01.282","updated":null,"pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"W2042767344","pdf_url":null,"abstract":null,"abstract_license":null,"license":null,"is_open_access":false,"retracted":false,"peer_reviewed":null,"categories":["Fusion materials and technologies"],"details":null,"provenance":"openalex","attribution":"Metadata and citation counts: OpenAlex (CC0)."},{"id":"doi:10.1088/0741-3335/53/5/054001","kind":"article","title":"Major minority: energetic particles in fusion plasmas","authors":["B. N. Breǐzman","Sergei E. Sharapov"],"author_count":2,"year":2011,"published":"2011-03-31","venue":"Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion","cited_by":165,"doi":"10.1088/0741-3335/53/5/054001","arxiv_id":null,"nct_id":null,"source_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/53/5/054001","archive_url":"https://space-kitty.com/papers/doi:10.1088/0741-3335/53/5/054001","updated":null,"pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"W2133875685","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0741-3335/53/5/054001/pdf","abstract":null,"abstract_license":null,"license":null,"is_open_access":true,"retracted":false,"peer_reviewed":null,"categories":["Magnetic confinement fusion research"],"details":null,"provenance":"openalex","attribution":"Metadata and citation counts: OpenAlex (CC0)."},{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05008-1","kind":"article","title":"A sustained high-temperature fusion plasma regime facilitated by fast ions","authors":["Hyunsun Han","Sangjin Park","C. Sung","Jisung Kang","Y. H. Lee","J. Chung","Taik Soo Hahm","Boseong Kim","Jong-Kyu Park","J.G. Bak","M. S. Cha","G. J. Choi","M. Choi","J. Gwak","S.H. Hahn","Juhyeok Jang","K. C. Lee","J. H. Kim","S.K. Kim","W.C. Kim","Jinseok Ko","W.H. Ko","Chanyoung Lee","Jongha Lee","J. K. Lee"],"author_count":33,"year":2022,"published":"2022-09-07","venue":"Nature","cited_by":130,"doi":"10.1038/s41586-022-05008-1","arxiv_id":null,"nct_id":null,"source_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05008-1","archive_url":"https://space-kitty.com/papers/doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05008-1","updated":null,"pmid":"36071190","pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"W4294904337","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-935325/latest.pdf","abstract":null,"abstract_license":null,"license":"cc-by","is_open_access":true,"retracted":false,"peer_reviewed":null,"categories":["Magnetic confinement fusion research"],"details":null,"provenance":"openalex","attribution":"Metadata and citation counts: OpenAlex (CC0)."},{"id":"arxiv:1904.00602","kind":"article","title":"Influence of massive material injection on avalanche runaway generation during tokamak disruptions","authors":["L Hesslow","O Embréus","O Vallhagen","T Fülöp"],"author_count":4,"year":2019,"published":"2019-04-01","venue":"Nuclear Fusion 59, 084004 (2019)","cited_by":85,"doi":"10.1088/1741-4326/ab26c2","arxiv_id":"1904.00602","nct_id":null,"source_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1904.00602","archive_url":"https://space-kitty.com/papers/arxiv:1904.00602","updated":"2019-06-10","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"W2949702634","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1904.00602","abstract":"In high-current tokamak devices such as ITER, a runaway avalanche can cause a large amplification of a seed electron population. We show that disruption mitigation by impurity injection may significantly increase the runaway avalanche growth rate in such devices. This effect originates from the increased number of target electrons available for the avalanche process in weakly ionized plasmas, which is only partially compensated by the increased friction force on fast electrons. We derive an expression for the avalanche growth rate in partially ionized plasmas and investigate the effects of impurity injection on the avalanche multiplication factor and on the final runaway current for ITER-like parameters. For impurity densities relevant for disruption mitigation, the maximum amplification of a runaway seed can be increased by tens of orders of magnitude compared to previous predictions. This motivates careful studies to determine the required densities and impurity species to obtain tolerable current quench parameters, as well as more detailed modeling of the runaway dynamics including transport effects.","abstract_license":"CC0-1.0 (arXiv descriptive metadata)","license":null,"is_open_access":false,"retracted":false,"peer_reviewed":null,"categories":["physics.plasm-ph"],"details":null,"provenance":"arxiv","attribution":"Abstract: arXiv descriptive metadata (CC0). Thank you to arXiv for use of its open access interoperability. This service was not reviewed or approved by, nor does it necessarily express or reflect the policies or opinions of, arXiv."},{"id":"doi:10.1038/ncomms13493","kind":"article","title":"Confirmation of the topology of the Wendelstein 7-X magnetic field to better than 1:100,000","authors":["T. S. Pedersen","M. Otte","S. Lazerson","P. Helander","S. Bozhenkov","Christoph Biedermann","Thomas Scott Klinger","Robert C. WOLF","H.-S. Bosch","The Wendelstein 7-X Team","I. Abramovic","S. Äkäslompolo","P. Aleynikov","K. Aleynikova","Adnan Ali","Arturo Alonso","Gábor Anda","T. Andreeva","E. Ascasíbar","Juergen Baldzuhn","M. Banduch","Tullio Barbui","C. D. Beidler","A. Benndorf","M. Beurskens"],"author_count":100,"year":2016,"published":"2016-11-30","venue":"Nature Communications","cited_by":134,"doi":"10.1038/ncomms13493","arxiv_id":null,"nct_id":null,"source_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms13493","archive_url":"https://space-kitty.com/papers/doi:10.1038/ncomms13493","updated":null,"pmid":"27901043","pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"W2558310486","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms13493.pdf","abstract":"Fusion energy research has in the past 40 years focused primarily on the tokamak concept, but recent advances in plasma theory and computational power have led to renewed interest in stellarators. The largest and most sophisticated stellarator in the world, Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X), has just started operation, with the aim to show that the earlier weaknesses of this concept have been addressed successfully, and that the intrinsic advantages of the concept persist, also at plasma parameters approaching those of a future fusion power plant. Here we show the first physics results, obtained before plasma operation: that the carefully tailored topology of nested magnetic surfaces needed for good confinement is realized, and that the measured deviations are smaller than one part in 100,000. This is a significant step forward in stellarator research, since it shows that the complicated and delicate magnetic topology can be created and verified with the required accuracy.","abstract_license":"CC-BY (publisher license, via OpenAlex)","license":"cc-by","is_open_access":true,"retracted":false,"peer_reviewed":null,"categories":["Magnetic confinement fusion research"],"details":null,"provenance":"openalex","attribution":"Abstract of \"Confirmation of the topology of the Wendelstein 7-X magnetic field to better than 1:100,000\" by T. S. Pedersen, M. Otte, S. Lazerson et al., https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms13493, used under its Creative Commons Attribution license (CC-BY); markup removed, otherwise unmodified."},{"id":"arxiv:1701.05507","kind":"article","title":"Gyrokinetic projection of the divertor heat-flux width from present tokamaks to ITER","authors":["C. S. Chang","S. Ku","A. Loarte","V. Parail","F. Köchl","M. Romanelli","R. Maingi","J. -W. Ahn","T. Gray","J. Hughes","B. LaBombard","T. Leonard","M. Makowski","J. Terry"],"author_count":14,"year":2017,"published":"2017-01-19","venue":"Nuclear Fusion","cited_by":187,"doi":"10.1088/1741-4326/aa7efb","arxiv_id":"1701.05507","nct_id":null,"source_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1701.05507","archive_url":"https://space-kitty.com/papers/arxiv:1701.05507","updated":"2017-04-21","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"W2582762293","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1701.05507","abstract":"The XGC1 edge gyrokinetic code is used for a high fidelity prediction for the width of the heat-flux to divertor plates in attached plasma condition. The simulation results are validated against the empirical scaling $λ_q \\propto B_P^{-γ}$ obtained from present tokamak devices, where $λ_q$ is the divertor heat-flux width mapped to the outboard midplane and $γ_q=1.19$ as defined by T. Eich et al. [Nucl. Fusion 53 (2013) 093031], and $B_P$ is the magnitude of the poloidal magnetic field at outboard midplane separatrix surface. This empirical scaling predicts $λ_q \\leq 1mm$ when extrapolated to ITER, which would require operation with very high separatrix densities $(n_{sep}/n_{Greenwald} > 0.6)$ in the Q=10 scenario to achieve semi-detached plasma operation and high radiative fractions leading to acceptable divertor power fluxes. XGC1 predicts, however, that $λ_q$ for ITER is over 5 mm, suggesting that operation in the ITER Q=10 scenario with acceptable divertor power loads could be obtained over a wider range of plasma separatrix densities and radiative fractions. The physics reason behind this difference is, according to the XGC1 results, that while the ion magnetic drift contribution to the divertor heat-flux width is wider in the present tokamaks, the turbulent electron contribution is wider in ITER. A high current C-Mod discharge is found to be in a mixed regime: While the heat-flux width by the ion neoclassical magnetic drift is still wider than the turbulent electron heat-flux width, the heat-flux magnitude is dominated by the narrower electron heat-flux.","abstract_license":"CC0-1.0 (arXiv descriptive metadata)","license":null,"is_open_access":false,"retracted":false,"peer_reviewed":null,"categories":["physics.plasm-ph"],"details":null,"provenance":"arxiv","attribution":"Abstract: arXiv descriptive metadata (CC0). Thank you to arXiv for use of its open access interoperability. This service was not reviewed or approved by, nor does it necessarily express or reflect the policies or opinions of, arXiv."},{"id":"doi:10.1103/physrevlett.110.265002","kind":"article","title":"Dynamics of Low-Intermediate–High-Confinement Transitions in Toroidal Plasmas","authors":["Jun Cheng","Jiaqi Dong","K. Itoh","L.W. Yan","M. Xu","K.J. Zhao","W. Y. Hong","Z.H. Huang","Xiao Ji","W.L. Zhong","D.L. Yu","S.‐I. Itoh","Lin Nie","Defeng Kong","Tao Lan","A. D. Liu","X.L. Zou","Q.W. Yang","X.T. Ding","X.R. Duan","Yong Liu"],"author_count":21,"year":2013,"published":"2013-06-25","venue":"Physical Review Letters","cited_by":134,"doi":"10.1103/physrevlett.110.265002","arxiv_id":null,"nct_id":null,"source_url":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.110.265002","archive_url":"https://space-kitty.com/papers/doi:10.1103/physrevlett.110.265002","updated":null,"pmid":"23848884","pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"W2322409537","pdf_url":null,"abstract":null,"abstract_license":null,"license":null,"is_open_access":false,"retracted":false,"peer_reviewed":null,"categories":["Magnetic confinement fusion research"],"details":null,"provenance":"openalex","attribution":"Metadata and citation counts: OpenAlex (CC0)."},{"id":"doi:10.1088/1361-6587/aa9901","kind":"article","title":"Isotope effects on L-H threshold and confinement in tokamak plasmas","authors":["C. F. Maggi","H. Weisen","J.C. Hillesheim","A. Chankin","Ephrem Delabie","L. Horváth","Fulvio Auriemma","I.S. Carvalho","G. Corrigan","J. Flanagan","Luca Garzotti","D. Keeling","D. King","E. Lerche","Rita Lorenzini","M. Maslov","Sheena Menmuir","Samuli Saarelma","Adrianus C. C. Sips","Emilia R. Solano","É. Belonohy","F. J. Casson","Clive Challis","C. Giroud","V. Parail"],"author_count":28,"year":2017,"published":"2017-11-08","venue":"Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion","cited_by":133,"doi":"10.1088/1361-6587/aa9901","arxiv_id":null,"nct_id":null,"source_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/aa9901","archive_url":"https://space-kitty.com/papers/doi:10.1088/1361-6587/aa9901","updated":null,"pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"W2767805767","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1361-6587/aa9901/pdf","abstract":null,"abstract_license":null,"license":null,"is_open_access":true,"retracted":false,"peer_reviewed":null,"categories":["Magnetic confinement fusion research"],"details":null,"provenance":"openalex","attribution":"Metadata and citation counts: OpenAlex (CC0)."},{"id":"doi:10.1103/physrevlett.107.135004","kind":"article","title":"A Key to Improved Ion Core Confinement in the JET Tokamak: Ion Stiffness Mitigation due to Combined Plasma Rotation and Low Magnetic Shear","authors":["P. Mantica","C. Angioni","Clive Challis","Greg Colyer","L. Frassinetti","Nick C. Hawkes","T. Johnson","M. Tsalas","Peter C de Vries","J. Weiland","B. Baiocchi","M. Beurskens","António C. A. Figueiredo","C. Giroud","Joerg Hobirk","E. Joffrin","E. Lerche","V. Naulin","A. G. Peeters","Antti Salmi","Carlo Sozzi","Dafni Strintzi","Gary M. Staebler","T. J. J. Tala","D. Van Eester"],"author_count":26,"year":2011,"published":"2011-09-22","venue":"Physical Review Letters","cited_by":134,"doi":"10.1103/physrevlett.107.135004","arxiv_id":null,"nct_id":null,"source_url":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.107.135004","archive_url":"https://space-kitty.com/papers/doi:10.1103/physrevlett.107.135004","updated":null,"pmid":"22026864","pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"W1544467740","pdf_url":null,"abstract":null,"abstract_license":null,"license":"other-oa","is_open_access":true,"retracted":false,"peer_reviewed":null,"categories":["Magnetic confinement fusion research"],"details":null,"provenance":"openalex","attribution":"Metadata and citation counts: OpenAlex (CC0)."}],"next":"https://space-kitty.com/api/v1/topics/magnetic-fusion/papers?sort=top&limit=25&offset=25"}