{"topic":"mrna-cancer-vaccines","sort":"top","limit":25,"offset":0,"count":25,"papers":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06063-y","kind":"article","title":"Personalized RNA neoantigen vaccines stimulate T cells in pancreatic cancer","authors":["Luis Alfonso Rojas","Zachary M. Sethna","Kevin C. Soares","Cristina Olcese","Nan Pang","Erin Patterson","Jayon Lihm","Nicholas Ceglia","Pablo Guasp","Alexander Chu","Rebecca Yu","Adrienne Kaya Chandra","Theresa Waters","Jennifer Jin Ruan","Masataka Amisaki","Abderezak Zebboudj","Zagaa Odgerel","George Payne","Evelyna Derhovanessian","Felicitas Müller","Ina Park Rhee","Mahesh Yadav","Anton Dobrin","Michel Sadelain","Marta Łuksza"],"author_count":51,"year":2023,"published":"2023-05-10","venue":"Nature","cited_by":1431,"doi":"10.1038/s41586-023-06063-y","arxiv_id":null,"nct_id":null,"source_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06063-y","archive_url":"https://space-kitty.com/papers/doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06063-y","updated":null,"pmid":"37165196","pmcid":"PMC10171177","openalex_id":"W4376133743","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06063-y.pdf","abstract":"Abstract Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is lethal in 88% of patients 1 , yet harbours mutation-derived T cell neoantigens that are suitable for vaccines 2,3 . Here in a phase I trial of adjuvant autogene cevumeran, an individualized neoantigen vaccine based on uridine mRNA–lipoplex nanoparticles, we synthesized mRNA neoantigen vaccines in real time from surgically resected PDAC tumours. After surgery, we sequentially administered atezolizumab (an anti-PD-L1 immunotherapy), autogene cevumeran (a maximum of 20 neoantigens per patient) and a modified version of a four-drug chemotherapy regimen (mFOLFIRINOX, comprising folinic acid, fluorouracil, irinotecan and oxaliplatin). The end points included vaccine-induced neoantigen-specific T cells by high-threshold assays, 18-month recurrence-free survival and oncologic feasibility. We treated 16 patients with atezolizumab and autogene cevumeran, then 15 patients with mFOLFIRINOX. Autogene cevumeran was administered within 3 days of benchmarked times, was tolerable and induced de novo high-magnitude neoantigen-specific T cells in 8 out of 16 patients, with half targeting more than one vaccine neoantigen. Using a new mathematical strategy to track T cell clones (CloneTrack) and functional assays, we found that vaccine-expanded T cells comprised up to 10% of all blood T cells, re-expanded with a vaccine booster and included long-lived polyfunctional neoantigen-specific effector CD8 + T cells. At 18-month median follow-up, patients with vaccine-expanded T cells (responders) had a longer median recurrence-free survival (not reached) compared with patients without vaccine-expanded T cells (non-responders; 13.4 months, P = 0.003). Differences in the immune fitness of the patients did not confound this correlation, as responders and non-responders mounted equivalent immunity to a concurrent unrelated mRNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. Thus, adjuvant atezolizumab, autogene cevumeran and mFOLFIRINOX induces substantial T cell activity that may correlate with delayed PDAC recurrence.","abstract_license":"CC-BY (publisher license, via OpenAlex)","license":"cc-by","is_open_access":true,"retracted":false,"peer_reviewed":null,"categories":["Immunotherapy and Immune Responses"],"details":null,"provenance":"openalex+europepmc","attribution":"Abstract of \"Personalized RNA neoantigen vaccines stimulate T cells in pancreatic cancer\" by Luis Alfonso Rojas, Zachary M. Sethna, Kevin C. Soares et al., https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06063-y, used under its Creative Commons Attribution license (CC-BY); markup removed, otherwise unmodified."},{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12943-021-01335-5","kind":"review","title":"mRNA vaccine for cancer immunotherapy","authors":["Lei Miao","Yu Zhang","Leaf Huang"],"author_count":3,"year":2021,"published":"2021-02-25","venue":"Molecular Cancer","cited_by":935,"doi":"10.1186/s12943-021-01335-5","arxiv_id":null,"nct_id":null,"source_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12943-021-01335-5","archive_url":"https://space-kitty.com/papers/doi:10.1186/s12943-021-01335-5","updated":null,"pmid":"33632261","pmcid":"PMC7905014","openalex_id":"W3130729977","pdf_url":"https://molecular-cancer.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12943-021-01335-5","abstract":"mRNA vaccines have become a promising platform for cancer immunotherapy. During vaccination, naked or vehicle loaded mRNA vaccines efficiently express tumor antigens in antigen-presenting cells (APCs), facilitate APC activation and innate/adaptive immune stimulation. mRNA cancer vaccine precedes other conventional vaccine platforms due to high potency, safe administration, rapid development potentials, and cost-effective manufacturing. However, mRNA vaccine applications have been limited by instability, innate immunogenicity, and inefficient in vivo delivery. Appropriate mRNA structure modifications (i.e., codon optimizations, nucleotide modifications, self-amplifying mRNAs, etc.) and formulation methods (i.e., lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), polymers, peptides, etc.) have been investigated to overcome these issues. Tuning the administration routes and co-delivery of multiple mRNA vaccines with other immunotherapeutic agents (e.g., checkpoint inhibitors) have further boosted the host anti-tumor immunity and increased the likelihood of tumor cell eradication. With the recent U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approvals of LNP-loaded mRNA vaccines for the prevention of COVID-19 and the promising therapeutic outcomes of mRNA cancer vaccines achieved in several clinical trials against multiple aggressive solid tumors, we envision the rapid advancing of mRNA vaccines for cancer immunotherapy in the near future. This review provides a detailed overview of the recent progress and existing challenges of mRNA cancer vaccines and future considerations of applying mRNA vaccine for cancer immunotherapies.","abstract_license":"CC-BY (publisher license, via OpenAlex)","license":"cc-by","is_open_access":true,"retracted":false,"peer_reviewed":null,"categories":["Immunotherapy and Immune Responses"],"details":null,"provenance":"openalex+europepmc","attribution":"Abstract of \"mRNA vaccine for cancer immunotherapy\" by Lei Miao, Yu Zhang, Leaf Huang, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12943-021-01335-5, used under its Creative Commons Attribution license (CC-BY); markup removed, otherwise unmodified."},{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41586-024-08508-4","kind":"article","title":"RNA neoantigen vaccines prime long-lived CD8+ T cells in pancreatic cancer","authors":["Zachary M. Sethna","Pablo Guasp","Charlotte Reiche","Martina Milighetti","Nicholas Ceglia","Erin Patterson","Jayon Lihm","George Payne","Olga Lyudovyk","Luis Alfonso Rojas","Nan Pang","Akihiro Ohmoto","Masataka Amisaki","Abderezak Zebboudj","Zagaa Odgerel","Emmanuel M. Bruno","Siqi Linsey Zhang","C. K. Cheng","Yuval Elhanati","Evelyna Derhovanessian","Luisa Manning","Felicitas Müller","Ina Park Rhee","Mahesh Yadav","Taha Merghoub"],"author_count":47,"year":2025,"published":"2025-02-19","venue":"Nature","cited_by":334,"doi":"10.1038/s41586-024-08508-4","arxiv_id":null,"nct_id":null,"source_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-08508-4","archive_url":"https://space-kitty.com/papers/doi:10.1038/s41586-024-08508-4","updated":null,"pmid":"39972124","pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"W4407722177","pdf_url":null,"abstract":"A fundamental challenge for cancer vaccines is to generate long-lived functional T cells that are specific for tumour antigens. Here we find that mRNA–lipoplex vaccines against somatic mutation-derived neoantigens may solve this challenge in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), a lethal cancer with few mutations. At an extended 3.2-year median follow-up from a phase 1 trial of surgery, atezolizumab (PD-L1 inhibitory antibody), autogene cevumeran1 (individualized neoantigen vaccine with backbone-optimized uridine mRNA–lipoplex nanoparticles) and modified (m) FOLFIRINOX (chemotherapy) in patients with PDAC, we find that responders with vaccine-induced T cells (n = 8) have prolonged recurrence-free survival (RFS; median not reached) compared with non-responders without vaccine-induced T cells (n = 8; median RFS 13.4 months; P = 0.007). In responders, autogene cevumeran induces CD8+ T cell clones with an average estimated lifespan of 7.7 years (range 1.5 to roughly 100 years), with approximately 20% of clones having latent multi-decade lifespans that may outlive hosts. Eighty-six percent of clones per patient persist at substantial frequencies approximately 3 years post-vaccination, including clones with high avidity to PDAC neoepitopes. Using PhenoTrack, a novel computational strategy to trace single T cell phenotypes, we uncover that vaccine-induced clones are undetectable in pre-vaccination tissues, and assume a cytotoxic, tissue-resident memory-like T cell state up to three years post-vaccination with preserved neoantigen-specific effector function. Two responders recurred and evidenced fewer vaccine-induced T cells. Furthermore, recurrent PDACs were pruned of vaccine-targeted cancer clones. Thus, in PDAC, autogene cevumeran induces de novo CD8+ T cells with multiyear longevity, substantial magnitude and durable effector functions that may delay PDAC recurrence. Adjuvant mRNA–lipoplex neoantigen vaccines may thus solve a pivotal obstacle for cancer vaccination. In a phase 1 trial, patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma who were treated with surgery and bespoke neoantigen mRNA vaccines combined with anti-PD-L1 and chemotherapy exhibited marked long-lived persistence of neoantigen-specific CD8+ T cell clones, which correlated with prolonged recurrence-free survival at a 3.2-year follow-up.","abstract_license":"CC-BY (publisher license, via OpenAlex)","license":"cc-by","is_open_access":true,"retracted":false,"peer_reviewed":null,"categories":["Immunotherapy and Immune Responses"],"details":null,"provenance":"openalex","attribution":"Abstract of \"RNA neoantigen vaccines prime long-lived CD8+ T cells in pancreatic cancer\" by Zachary M. Sethna, Pablo Guasp, Charlotte Reiche et al., https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-08508-4, used under its Creative Commons Attribution license (CC-BY); markup removed, otherwise unmodified."},{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41571-023-00811-9","kind":"review","title":"Targeting cancer with mRNA–lipid nanoparticles: key considerations and future prospects","authors":["Edo Kon","Nitay Ad‐El","Inbal Hazan‐Halevy","Lior Stotsky‐Oterin","Dan Peer"],"author_count":5,"year":2023,"published":"2023-08-16","venue":"Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology","cited_by":376,"doi":"10.1038/s41571-023-00811-9","arxiv_id":null,"nct_id":null,"source_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41571-023-00811-9","archive_url":"https://space-kitty.com/papers/doi:10.1038/s41571-023-00811-9","updated":null,"pmid":"37587254","pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"W4385879053","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41571-023-00811-9.pdf","abstract":null,"abstract_license":null,"license":"other-oa","is_open_access":true,"retracted":false,"peer_reviewed":null,"categories":["RNA Interference and Gene Delivery"],"details":null,"provenance":"openalex","attribution":"Metadata and citation counts: OpenAlex (CC0)."},{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12943-019-1055-6","kind":"review","title":"Neoantigen vaccine: an emerging tumor immunotherapy","authors":["Peng M","Mo Y","Wang Y","Wu P","Zhang Y","Xiong F","Guo C","Wu X","Li Y","Li X","Li G","Xiong W","Zeng Z"],"author_count":13,"year":2019,"published":"2019-08-23","venue":"Molecular cancer","cited_by":558,"doi":"10.1186/s12943-019-1055-6","arxiv_id":null,"nct_id":null,"source_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12943-019-1055-6","archive_url":"https://space-kitty.com/papers/doi:10.1186/s12943-019-1055-6","updated":null,"pmid":"31443694","pmcid":"PMC6708248","openalex_id":null,"pdf_url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC6708248/pdf","abstract":"Genetic instability of tumor cells often leads to the occurrence of a large number of mutations, and expression of non-synonymous mutations can produce tumor-specific antigens called neoantigens. Neoantigens are highly immunogenic as they are not expressed in normal tissues. They can activate CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to generate immune response and have the potential to become new targets of tumor immunotherapy. The development of bioinformatics technology has accelerated the identification of neoantigens. The combination of different algorithms to identify and predict the affinity of neoantigens to major histocompatibility complexes (MHCs) or the immunogenicity of neoantigens is mainly based on the whole-exome sequencing technology. Tumor vaccines targeting neoantigens mainly include nucleic acid, dendritic cell (DC)-based, tumor cell, and synthetic long peptide (SLP) vaccines. The combination with immune checkpoint inhibition therapy or radiotherapy and chemotherapy might achieve better therapeutic effects. Currently, several clinical trials have demonstrated the safety and efficacy of these vaccines. Further development of sequencing technologies and bioinformatics algorithms, as well as an improvement in our understanding of the mechanisms underlying tumor development, will expand the application of neoantigen vaccines in the future.","abstract_license":"CC-BY (article license as recorded by Europe PMC; abstract reproduced unmodified apart from markup removal)","license":"CC-BY","is_open_access":true,"retracted":false,"peer_reviewed":null,"categories":[],"details":null,"provenance":"europepmc","attribution":"Abstract of \"Neoantigen vaccine: an emerging tumor immunotherapy\" by Peng M, Mo Y, Wang Y et al., https://doi.org/10.1186/s12943-019-1055-6, used under its Creative Commons Attribution license (CC-BY); markup removed, otherwise unmodified."},{"id":"doi:10.1172/jci134915","kind":"article","title":"mRNA vaccine–induced neoantigen-specific T cell immunity in patients with gastrointestinal cancer","authors":["Gal Cafri","Jared J. Gartner","Tal Z. Zaks","Kristen Hopson","Noam Levin","Biman C. Paria","Maria R. Parkhurst","Rami Yossef","Frank J. Lowery","Mohammad S. Jafferji","Todd D. Prickett","Stephanie L. Goff","Christine T. McGowan","Samantha J. Seitter","Mackenzie L. Shindorf","Anup Y. Parikh","Praveen D. Chatani","Paul F. Robbins","Steven A. Rosenberg"],"author_count":19,"year":2020,"published":"2020-10-04","venue":"Journal of Clinical Investigation","cited_by":426,"doi":"10.1172/jci134915","arxiv_id":null,"nct_id":null,"source_url":"https://doi.org/10.1172/jci134915","archive_url":"https://space-kitty.com/papers/doi:10.1172/jci134915","updated":null,"pmid":"33016924","pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"W3091061098","pdf_url":"http://www.jci.org/articles/view/134915/files/pdf","abstract":null,"abstract_license":null,"license":null,"is_open_access":true,"retracted":false,"peer_reviewed":null,"categories":["Immunotherapy and Immune Responses"],"details":null,"provenance":"openalex","attribution":"Metadata and citation counts: OpenAlex (CC0)."},{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12943-021-01348-0","kind":"review","title":"mRNA therapeutics in cancer immunotherapy","authors":["Jan David Beck","Daniel Reidenbach","Nadja Salomon","Uğur Şahin","Özlem Türeci","Mathias Vormehr","Lena M. Kranz"],"author_count":7,"year":2021,"published":"2021-04-15","venue":"Molecular Cancer","cited_by":385,"doi":"10.1186/s12943-021-01348-0","arxiv_id":null,"nct_id":null,"source_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12943-021-01348-0","archive_url":"https://space-kitty.com/papers/doi:10.1186/s12943-021-01348-0","updated":null,"pmid":"33858437","pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"W3156114568","pdf_url":"https://molecular-cancer.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12943-021-01348-0","abstract":"Synthetic mRNA provides a template for the synthesis of any given protein, protein fragment or peptide and lends itself to a broad range of pharmaceutical applications, including different modalities of cancer immunotherapy. With the ease of rapid, large scale Good Manufacturing Practice-grade mRNA production, mRNA is ideally poised not only for off-the shelf cancer vaccines but also for personalized neoantigen vaccination. The ability to stimulate pattern recognition receptors and thus an anti-viral type of innate immune response equips mRNA-based vaccines with inherent adjuvanticity. Nucleoside modification and elimination of double-stranded RNA can reduce the immunomodulatory activity of mRNA and increase and prolong protein production. In combination with nanoparticle-based formulations that increase transfection efficiency and facilitate lymphatic system targeting, nucleoside-modified mRNA enables efficient delivery of cytokines, costimulatory receptors, or therapeutic antibodies. Steady but transient production of the encoded bioactive molecule from the mRNA template can improve the pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and safety properties as compared to the respective recombinant proteins. This may be harnessed for applications that benefit from a higher level of expression control, such as chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified adoptive T-cell therapies. This review highlights the advancements in the field of mRNA-based cancer therapeutics, providing insights into key preclinical developments and the evolving clinical landscape.","abstract_license":"CC-BY (publisher license, via OpenAlex)","license":"cc-by","is_open_access":true,"retracted":false,"peer_reviewed":null,"categories":["Immunotherapy and Immune Responses"],"details":null,"provenance":"openalex","attribution":"Abstract of \"mRNA therapeutics in cancer immunotherapy\" by Jan David Beck, Daniel Reidenbach, Nadja Salomon et al., https://doi.org/10.1186/s12943-021-01348-0, used under its Creative Commons Attribution license (CC-BY); markup removed, otherwise unmodified."},{"id":"doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.00369","kind":"review","title":"Relationships Between Immune Landscapes, Genetic Subtypes and Responses to Immunotherapy in Colorectal Cancer","authors":["Picard E","Verschoor CP","Ma GW","Pawelec G"],"author_count":4,"year":2020,"published":"2020-03-06","venue":"Frontiers in immunology","cited_by":432,"doi":"10.3389/fimmu.2020.00369","arxiv_id":null,"nct_id":null,"source_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.00369","archive_url":"https://space-kitty.com/papers/doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.00369","updated":null,"pmid":"32210966","pmcid":"PMC7068608","openalex_id":null,"pdf_url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC7068608/pdf","abstract":"Colorectal cancer (CRC) is highly heterogeneous at the genetic and molecular level, which has major repercussions on the efficacy of immunotherapy. A small subset of CRCs exhibit microsatellite instability (MSI), a molecular indicator of defective DNA mismatch repair (MMR), but the majority are microsatellite-stable (MSS). The high tumor mutational burden (TMB) and neoantigen load in MSI tumors favors the infiltration of immune effector cells, and antitumor immune responses within these tumors are strong relative to their MSS counterparts. MSI has emerged as a major predictive marker for the efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade over the last few years and nivolumab or pembrolizumab targeting PD-1 has been approved for patients with MSI refractory or metastatic CRC. However, some MSS tumors show DNA polymerase epsilon (POLE) mutations that also confer a very high TMB and may also be heavily infiltrated by immune cells making them amenable to respond to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI). In this review we discuss the role of the different immune landscapes in CRC and their relationships with defined CRC genetic subtypes. We discuss potential reasons why immune checkpoint blockade has met with limited success for the majority of CRC patients, despite the finding that immune cell infiltration of primary non-metastatic tumors is a strong predictive, and prognostic factor for relapse and survival. We then consider in which ways CRC cells develop mechanisms to resist ICI. Finally, we address the latest advances in CRC vaccination and how a personalized neoantigen vaccine strategy might overcome the resistance of MSI and MSS tumors in patients for whom immune checkpoint blockade is not a treatment option.","abstract_license":"CC-BY (article license as recorded by Europe PMC; abstract reproduced unmodified apart from markup removal)","license":"CC-BY","is_open_access":true,"retracted":false,"peer_reviewed":null,"categories":[],"details":null,"provenance":"europepmc","attribution":"Abstract of \"Relationships Between Immune Landscapes, Genetic Subtypes and Responses to Immunotherapy in Colorectal Cancer\" by Picard E, Verschoor CP, Ma GW et al., https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.00369, used under its Creative Commons Attribution license (CC-BY); markup removed, otherwise unmodified."},{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41591-024-02894-y","kind":"article","title":"Personalized neoantigen vaccine and pembrolizumab in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a phase 1/2 trial","authors":["Yarchoan M","Gane EJ","Marron TU","Perales-Linares R","Yan J","Cooch N","Shu DH","Fertig EJ","Kagohara LT","Bartha G","Northcott J","Lyle J","Rochestie S","Peters J","Connor JT","Jaffee EM","Csiki I","Weiner DB","Perales-Puchalt A","Sardesai NY"],"author_count":20,"year":2024,"published":"2024-04-07","venue":"Nature medicine","cited_by":225,"doi":"10.1038/s41591-024-02894-y","arxiv_id":null,"nct_id":null,"source_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-024-02894-y","archive_url":"https://space-kitty.com/papers/doi:10.1038/s41591-024-02894-y","updated":null,"pmid":"38584166","pmcid":"PMC11031401","openalex_id":null,"pdf_url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC11031401/pdf","abstract":"Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) inhibitors have modest efficacy as a monotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). A personalized therapeutic cancer vaccine (PTCV) may enhance responses to PD-1 inhibitors through the induction of tumor-specific immunity. We present results from a single-arm, open-label, phase 1/2 study of a DNA plasmid PTCV (GNOS-PV02) encoding up to 40 neoantigens coadministered with plasmid-encoded interleukin-12 plus pembrolizumab in patients with advanced HCC previously treated with a multityrosine kinase inhibitor. Safety and immunogenicity were assessed as primary endpoints, and treatment efficacy and feasibility were evaluated as secondary endpoints. The most common treatment-related adverse events were injection-site reactions, observed in 15 of 36 (41.6%) patients. No dose-limiting toxicities or treatment-related grade ≥3 events were observed. The objective response rate (modified intention-to-treat) per Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors 1.1 was 30.6% (11 of 36 patients), with 8.3% (3 of 36) of patients achieving a complete response. Clinical responses were associated with the number of neoantigens encoded in the vaccine. Neoantigen-specific T cell responses were confirmed in 19 of 22 (86.4%) evaluable patients by enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot assays. Multiparametric cellular profiling revealed active, proliferative and cytolytic vaccine-specific CD4 + and CD8 + effector T cells. T cell receptor β-chain (TCRβ) bulk sequencing results demonstrated vaccination-enriched T cell clone expansion and tumor infiltration. Single-cell analysis revealed posttreatment T cell clonal expansion of cytotoxic T cell phenotypes. TCR complementarity-determining region cloning of expanded T cell clones in the tumors following vaccination confirmed reactivity against vaccine-encoded neoantigens. Our results support the PTCV's mechanism of action based on the induction of antitumor T cells and show that a PTCV plus pembrolizumab has clinical activity in advanced HCC. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04251117 .","abstract_license":"CC-BY (article license as recorded by Europe PMC; abstract reproduced unmodified apart from markup removal)","license":"CC-BY","is_open_access":true,"retracted":false,"peer_reviewed":null,"categories":[],"details":null,"provenance":"europepmc","attribution":"Abstract of \"Personalized neoantigen vaccine and pembrolizumab in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a phase 1/2 trial\" by Yarchoan M, Gane EJ, Marron TU et al., https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-024-02894-y, used under its Creative Commons Attribution license (CC-BY); markup removed, otherwise unmodified."},{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.11.017","kind":"article","title":"Self-Amplifying RNA Vaccines Give Equivalent Protection against Influenza to mRNA Vaccines but at Much Lower Doses","authors":["Vogel AB","Lambert L","Kinnear E","Busse D","Erbar S","Reuter KC","Wicke L","Perkovic M","Beissert T","Haas H","Reece ST","Sahin U","Tregoning JS"],"author_count":13,"year":2018,"published":"2017-12-05","venue":"Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy","cited_by":420,"doi":"10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.11.017","arxiv_id":null,"nct_id":null,"source_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.11.017","archive_url":"https://space-kitty.com/papers/doi:10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.11.017","updated":null,"pmid":"29275847","pmcid":"PMC5835025","openalex_id":null,"pdf_url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC5835025/pdf","abstract":"New vaccine platforms are needed to address the time gap between pathogen emergence and vaccine licensure. RNA-based vaccines are an attractive candidate for this role: they are safe, are produced cell free, and can be rapidly generated in response to pathogen emergence. Two RNA vaccine platforms are available: synthetic mRNA molecules encoding only the antigen of interest and self-amplifying RNA (sa-RNA). sa-RNA is virally derived and encodes both the antigen of interest and proteins enabling RNA vaccine replication. Both platforms have been shown to induce an immune response, but it is not clear which approach is optimal. In the current studies, we compared synthetic mRNA and sa-RNA expressing influenza virus hemagglutinin. Both platforms were protective, but equivalent levels of protection were achieved using 1.25 μg sa-RNA compared to 80 μg mRNA (64-fold less material). Having determined that sa-RNA was more effective than mRNA, we tested hemagglutinin from three strains of influenza H1N1, H3N2 (X31), and B (Massachusetts) as sa-RNA vaccines, and all protected against challenge infection. When sa-RNA was combined in a trivalent formulation, it protected against sequential H1N1 and H3N2 challenges. From this we conclude that sa-RNA is a promising platform for vaccines against viral diseases.","abstract_license":"CC-BY (article license as recorded by Europe PMC; abstract reproduced unmodified apart from markup removal)","license":"CC-BY","is_open_access":true,"retracted":false,"peer_reviewed":null,"categories":[],"details":null,"provenance":"europepmc","attribution":"Abstract of \"Self-Amplifying RNA Vaccines Give Equivalent Protection against Influenza to mRNA Vaccines but at Much Lower Doses\" by Vogel AB, Lambert L, Kinnear E et al., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.11.017, used under its Creative Commons Attribution license (CC-BY); markup removed, otherwise unmodified."},{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41467-020-17409-9","kind":"article","title":"Self-amplifying RNA SARS-CoV-2 lipid nanoparticle vaccine candidate induces high neutralizing antibody titers in mice","authors":["McKay PF","Hu K","Blakney AK","Samnuan K","Brown JC","Penn R","Zhou J","Bouton CR","Rogers P","Polra K","Lin PJC","Barbosa C","Tam YK","Barclay WS","Shattock RJ"],"author_count":15,"year":2020,"published":"2020-07-09","venue":"Nature communications","cited_by":378,"doi":"10.1038/s41467-020-17409-9","arxiv_id":null,"nct_id":null,"source_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17409-9","archive_url":"https://space-kitty.com/papers/doi:10.1038/s41467-020-17409-9","updated":null,"pmid":"32647131","pmcid":"PMC7347890","openalex_id":null,"pdf_url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC7347890/pdf","abstract":"The spread of the SARS-CoV-2 into a global pandemic within a few months of onset motivates the development of a rapidly scalable vaccine. Here, we present a self-amplifying RNA encoding the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein encapsulated within a lipid nanoparticle (LNP) as a vaccine. We observe remarkably high and dose-dependent SARS-CoV-2 specific antibody titers in mouse sera, as well as robust neutralization of both a pseudo-virus and wild-type virus. Upon further characterization we find that the neutralization is proportional to the quantity of specific IgG and of higher magnitude than recovered COVID-19 patients. saRNA LNP immunizations induce a Th1-biased response in mice, and there is no antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) observed. Finally, we observe high cellular responses, as characterized by IFN-γ production, upon re-stimulation with SARS-CoV-2 peptides. These data provide insight into the vaccine design and evaluation of immunogenicity to enable rapid translation to the clinic.","abstract_license":"CC-BY (article license as recorded by Europe PMC; abstract reproduced unmodified apart from markup removal)","license":"CC-BY","is_open_access":true,"retracted":false,"peer_reviewed":null,"categories":[],"details":null,"provenance":"europepmc","attribution":"Abstract of \"Self-amplifying RNA SARS-CoV-2 lipid nanoparticle vaccine candidate induces high neutralizing antibody titers in mice\" by McKay PF, Hu K, Blakney AK et al., https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17409-9, used under its Creative Commons Attribution license (CC-BY); markup removed, otherwise unmodified."},{"id":"doi:10.1021/acsnano.7b00978","kind":"review","title":"Efficient Nanovaccine Delivery in Cancer Immunotherapy","authors":["Guizhi Zhu","Fuwu Zhang","Qianqian Ni","Gang Niu","Xiaoyuan Shawn Chen"],"author_count":5,"year":2017,"published":"2017-03-09","venue":"ACS Nano","cited_by":374,"doi":"10.1021/acsnano.7b00978","arxiv_id":null,"nct_id":null,"source_url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b00978","archive_url":"https://space-kitty.com/papers/doi:10.1021/acsnano.7b00978","updated":null,"pmid":"28277646","pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"W2594226172","pdf_url":null,"abstract":null,"abstract_license":null,"license":null,"is_open_access":false,"retracted":false,"peer_reviewed":null,"categories":["Immunotherapy and Immune Responses"],"details":null,"provenance":"openalex","attribution":"Metadata and citation counts: OpenAlex (CC0)."},{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41591-022-01937-6","kind":"article","title":"Individualized, heterologous chimpanzee adenovirus and self-amplifying mRNA neoantigen vaccine for advanced metastatic solid tumors: phase 1 trial interim results","authors":["Christine D. Palmer","Amy Rappaport","Matthew J. Davis","Meghan G. Hart","Ciaran D. Scallan","Sue‐Jean Hong","Leonid Gitlin","Lauren D. Kraemer","Sonia Kounlavouth","Aaron Yang","Lindsey Smith","Desiree Schenk","Mojca Škoberne","Kiara Taquechel","Martina Marrali","Jason R. Jaroslavsky","Charmaine N. Nganje","Elizabeth Maloney","Rita Zhou","Daniel Navarro-Gomez","Adrienne C. Greene","Gijsbert Marnix Grotenbreg","Renee L. Greer","Wade S. Blair","Minh Duc Cao"],"author_count":44,"year":2022,"published":"2022-08-01","venue":"Nature Medicine","cited_by":242,"doi":"10.1038/s41591-022-01937-6","arxiv_id":null,"nct_id":null,"source_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-022-01937-6","archive_url":"https://space-kitty.com/papers/doi:10.1038/s41591-022-01937-6","updated":null,"pmid":"35970920","pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"W4291790128","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-022-01937-6.pdf","abstract":null,"abstract_license":null,"license":null,"is_open_access":true,"retracted":false,"peer_reviewed":null,"categories":["Immunotherapy and Immune Responses"],"details":null,"provenance":"openalex","attribution":"Metadata and citation counts: OpenAlex (CC0)."},{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41591-024-02851-9","kind":"article","title":"A shared neoantigen vaccine combined with immune checkpoint blockade for advanced metastatic solid tumors: phase 1 trial interim results","authors":["Amy Rappaport","Chrisann Kyi","Monica Lane","Meghan G. Hart","Melissa Lynne Johnson","Brian S. Henick","Chih‐Yi Liao","Amit Mahipal","Ardaman P. Shergill","Alexander I. Spira","Jonathan Wade Goldman","Ciaran D. Scallan","Desiree Schenk","Christine D. Palmer","Matthew J. Davis","Sonia Kounlavouth","Lindsey Kemp","Aaron Yang","Yaojun John Li","Molly Likes","Annie Shen","Gregory R. Boucher","Milana Egorova","Robert L. Veres","J. Aaron Espinosa"],"author_count":38,"year":2024,"published":"2024-03-27","venue":"Nature Medicine","cited_by":158,"doi":"10.1038/s41591-024-02851-9","arxiv_id":null,"nct_id":null,"source_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-024-02851-9","archive_url":"https://space-kitty.com/papers/doi:10.1038/s41591-024-02851-9","updated":null,"pmid":"38538867","pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"W4393225347","pdf_url":null,"abstract":null,"abstract_license":null,"license":null,"is_open_access":false,"retracted":false,"peer_reviewed":null,"categories":["Immunotherapy and Immune Responses"],"details":null,"provenance":"openalex","attribution":"Metadata and citation counts: OpenAlex (CC0)."},{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.09.038","kind":"review","title":"Personalized Cancer Vaccines: Clinical Landscape, Challenges, and Opportunities","authors":["Colby S. Shemesh","Joy Hsu","Iraj Hosseini","Ben‐Quan Shen","Anand Rotte","Patrick L. Twomey","Sandhya Girish","Benjamin M. Wu"],"author_count":8,"year":2020,"published":"2020-09-30","venue":"Molecular Therapy","cited_by":287,"doi":"10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.09.038","arxiv_id":null,"nct_id":null,"source_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.09.038","archive_url":"https://space-kitty.com/papers/doi:10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.09.038","updated":null,"pmid":"33038322","pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"W3089759173","pdf_url":"http://www.cell.com/article/S1525001620304950/pdf","abstract":null,"abstract_license":null,"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","is_open_access":true,"retracted":false,"peer_reviewed":null,"categories":["Immunotherapy and Immune Responses"],"details":null,"provenance":"openalex","attribution":"Metadata and citation counts: OpenAlex (CC0)."},{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41392-020-00448-5","kind":"article","title":"Personalized neoantigen pulsed dendritic cell vaccine for advanced lung cancer","authors":["Ding Z","Li Q","Zhang R","Xie L","Shu Y","Gao S","Wang P","Su X","Qin Y","Wang Y","Fang J","Zhu Z","Xia X","Wei G","Wang H","Qian H","Guo X","Gao Z","Wei Y","Xu Q","Xu H","Yang L"],"author_count":22,"year":2021,"published":"2021-01-20","venue":"Signal transduction and targeted therapy","cited_by":223,"doi":"10.1038/s41392-020-00448-5","arxiv_id":null,"nct_id":null,"source_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-020-00448-5","archive_url":"https://space-kitty.com/papers/doi:10.1038/s41392-020-00448-5","updated":null,"pmid":"33473101","pmcid":"PMC7817684","openalex_id":null,"pdf_url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC7817684/pdf","abstract":"Neoantigens are considered to be ultimate target of tumor immunotherapy due to their high tumor specificity and immunogenicity. Dendritic cell (DCs) vaccines based on neoantigens have exciting effects in treatment of some malignant tumors and are a promising therapeutic modality. Lung cancer is a lethal disease with the highest morbidity and mortality rate in the world. Despite the rapid development of targeted therapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors for lung cancer in recent years, their efficacy is still unsatisfactory overall. Therefore, there is an urgent unmet clinical need for lung cancer treatment. Here, we attempted to treat lung cancer using a personalized neoantigen peptide-pulsed autologous DC vaccine and conducted a single-arm, 2 medical centers, pilot study initiated by the investigator (ChiCTR-ONC-16009100, NCT02956551). The patients enrolled were patients with heavily treated metastatic lung cancer. Candidate neoantigens were derived from whole-exome sequencing and RNA sequencing of fresh biopsy tissues as well as bioinformatics analysis. A total of 12 patients were enrolled in this study. A total of 85 vaccine treatments were administered with a median value of 5 doses/person (range: 3-14 doses/person). In total, 12-30 peptide-based neoantigens were selected for each patient. All treatment-related adverse events were grade 1-2 and there were no delays in dosing due to toxic effects. The objective effectiveness rate was 25%; the disease control rate was 75%; the median progression-free survival was 5.5 months and the median overall survival was 7.9 months. This study provides new evidence for neoantigen vaccine therapy and new therapeutic opportunities for lung cancer treatment.","abstract_license":"CC-BY (article license as recorded by Europe PMC; abstract reproduced unmodified apart from markup removal)","license":"CC-BY","is_open_access":true,"retracted":false,"peer_reviewed":null,"categories":[],"details":null,"provenance":"europepmc","attribution":"Abstract of \"Personalized neoantigen pulsed dendritic cell vaccine for advanced lung cancer\" by Ding Z, Li Q, Zhang R et al., https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-020-00448-5, used under its Creative Commons Attribution license (CC-BY); markup removed, otherwise unmodified."},{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41551-025-01344-5","kind":"article","title":"Small circular RNAs as vaccines for cancer immunotherapy","authors":["Yu Zhang","Xiang Liu","Tingting Shen","Qiyan Wang","Shurong Zhou","Suling Yang","Shimiao Liao","Ting Su","Lei Mei","Bei Zhang","Khoa Huynh","Linying Xie","Youzhong Guo","Chunqing Guo","Katarzyna M. Tyc","Xufeng Qu","Xiangyang Wang","Jinze Liu","Guizhi Zhu"],"author_count":19,"year":2025,"published":"2025-02-07","venue":"Nature Biomedical Engineering","cited_by":87,"doi":"10.1038/s41551-025-01344-5","arxiv_id":null,"nct_id":null,"source_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41551-025-01344-5","archive_url":"https://space-kitty.com/papers/doi:10.1038/s41551-025-01344-5","updated":null,"pmid":"39920212","pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"W4407235371","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12100636/pdf/nihms-2079752.pdf","abstract":null,"abstract_license":null,"license":null,"is_open_access":true,"retracted":false,"peer_reviewed":null,"categories":["Immunotherapy and Immune Responses"],"details":null,"provenance":"openalex","attribution":"Metadata and citation counts: OpenAlex (CC0)."},{"id":"doi:10.1038/nrd.2018.132","kind":"review","title":"An RNA toolbox for cancer immunotherapy","authors":["Fernando Pastor","Pedro Berraondo","Iñaki Etxeberría","Josh P. Frederick","Uğur Şahin","Eli Gilboa","Ignacio Melero"],"author_count":7,"year":2018,"published":"2018-09-07","venue":"Nature Reviews Drug Discovery","cited_by":229,"doi":"10.1038/nrd.2018.132","arxiv_id":null,"nct_id":null,"source_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd.2018.132","archive_url":"https://space-kitty.com/papers/doi:10.1038/nrd.2018.132","updated":null,"pmid":"30190565","pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"W2889813782","pdf_url":null,"abstract":null,"abstract_license":null,"license":null,"is_open_access":false,"retracted":false,"peer_reviewed":null,"categories":["Immunotherapy and Immune Responses"],"details":null,"provenance":"openalex","attribution":"Metadata and citation counts: OpenAlex (CC0)."},{"id":"doi:10.1186/s13045-025-01732-z","kind":"review","title":"The role of neoantigens and tumor mutational burden in cancer immunotherapy: advances, mechanisms, and perspectives","authors":["Shengbo Sun","Lanchun Liu","Jingkang Zhang","Liting Sun","Wenlong Shu","Zhengyang Yang","Hongwei Yao","Zhongtao Zhang"],"author_count":8,"year":2025,"published":"2025-09-02","venue":"Journal of Hematology & Oncology","cited_by":83,"doi":"10.1186/s13045-025-01732-z","arxiv_id":null,"nct_id":null,"source_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13045-025-01732-z","archive_url":"https://space-kitty.com/papers/doi:10.1186/s13045-025-01732-z","updated":null,"pmid":"40898324","pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"W4413924817","pdf_url":"https://jhoonline.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13045-025-01732-z","abstract":null,"abstract_license":null,"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","is_open_access":true,"retracted":false,"peer_reviewed":null,"categories":["Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers"],"details":null,"provenance":"openalex","attribution":"Metadata and citation counts: OpenAlex (CC0)."},{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41423-025-01316-4","kind":"review","title":"Eliciting antitumor immunity via therapeutic cancer vaccines","authors":["Kun Peng","Xiaoxue Zhao","Yang‐Xin Fu","Yong Liang"],"author_count":4,"year":2025,"published":"2025-07-09","venue":"Cellular and Molecular Immunology","cited_by":83,"doi":"10.1038/s41423-025-01316-4","arxiv_id":null,"nct_id":null,"source_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41423-025-01316-4","archive_url":"https://space-kitty.com/papers/doi:10.1038/s41423-025-01316-4","updated":null,"pmid":"40629076","pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"W4412150581","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41423-025-01316-4.pdf","abstract":"Therapeutic cancer vaccines aim to expand and activate antigen-specific T cells for the targeted elimination of cancer cells. While early clinical trials faced challenges due to suboptimal antigen-specific T-cell activation, recent advancements in antigen discovery and vaccine platform engineering have revitalized the field. This review provides a comprehensive overview of key tumor antigens, including tumor-associated antigens, viral oncoprotein antigens, neoantigens, and cryptic antigens, with a focus on their immunogenicity and therapeutic potential. Advances in our understanding of traditional cancer vaccination targets, in conjunction with the timely identification of novel antigen epitopes, have facilitated the strategic selection of vaccination targets. We also discuss the evolution of cancer vaccine platforms-spanning peptide-based formulations to advanced mRNA vectors-emphasizing innovative strategies to optimize antigen delivery efficiency and adjuvant effects. Efficient antigen delivery and adjuvant selection overcome immune tolerance and tumor-induced immunosuppression. Furthermore, we examine recent clinical trial data and emerging combination approaches that integrate cancer vaccines with other immunotherapies to increase efficacy. While significant progress has been made, challenges remain in improving vaccine-induced T-cell responses, overcoming immune suppression, and translating these advances into effective clinical interventions. Addressing these hurdles will be critical for realizing the full potential of cancer vaccines in immunotherapy.","abstract_license":"CC-BY (publisher license, via OpenAlex)","license":"cc-by","is_open_access":true,"retracted":false,"peer_reviewed":null,"categories":["Immunotherapy and Immune Responses"],"details":null,"provenance":"openalex","attribution":"Abstract of \"Eliciting antitumor immunity via therapeutic cancer vaccines\" by Kun Peng, Xiaoxue Zhao, Yang‐Xin Fu et al., https://doi.org/10.1038/s41423-025-01316-4, used under its Creative Commons Attribution license (CC-BY); markup removed, otherwise unmodified."},{"id":"doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00833","kind":"review","title":"Chemical Strategies to Boost Cancer Vaccines","authors":["Wenhao Li","Yanmei Li"],"author_count":2,"year":2020,"published":"2020-09-11","venue":"Chemical Reviews","cited_by":175,"doi":"10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00833","arxiv_id":null,"nct_id":null,"source_url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00833","archive_url":"https://space-kitty.com/papers/doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00833","updated":null,"pmid":"32914967","pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"W3085631952","pdf_url":null,"abstract":null,"abstract_license":null,"license":null,"is_open_access":false,"retracted":false,"peer_reviewed":null,"categories":["Immunotherapy and Immune Responses"],"details":null,"provenance":"openalex","attribution":"Metadata and citation counts: OpenAlex (CC0)."},{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41434-019-0095-2","kind":"article","title":"Inside out: optimization of lipid nanoparticle formulations for exterior complexation and in vivo delivery of saRNA","authors":["Blakney AK","McKay PF","Yus BI","Aldon Y","Shattock RJ"],"author_count":5,"year":2019,"published":"2019-07-12","venue":"Gene therapy","cited_by":176,"doi":"10.1038/s41434-019-0095-2","arxiv_id":null,"nct_id":null,"source_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41434-019-0095-2","archive_url":"https://space-kitty.com/papers/doi:10.1038/s41434-019-0095-2","updated":null,"pmid":"31300730","pmcid":"PMC6760535","openalex_id":null,"pdf_url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC6760535/pdf","abstract":"Self-amplifying RNA (saRNA) is a promising biotherapeutic tool that has been used as a vaccine against both infectious diseases and cancer. saRNA has been shown to induce protein expression for up to 60 days and elicit immune responses with lower dosing than messenger RNA (mRNA). Because saRNA is a large (~9500 nt), negatively charged molecule, it requires a delivery vehicle for efficient cellular uptake and degradation protection. Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have been widely used for RNA formulations, where the prevailing paradigm is to encapsulate RNA within the particle, including the first FDA-approved small-interfering siRNA therapy. Here, we compared LNP formulations with cationic and ionizable lipids with saRNA either on the interior or exterior of the particle. We show that LNPs formulated with cationic lipids protect saRNA from RNAse degradation, even when it is adsorbed to the surface. Furthermore, cationic LNPs deliver saRNA equivalently to particles formulated with saRNA encapsulated in an ionizable lipid particle, both in vitro and in vivo. Finally, we show that cationic and ionizable LNP formulations induce equivalent antibodies against HIV-1 Env gp140 as a model antigen. These studies establish formulating saRNA on the surface of cationic LNPs as an alternative to the paradigm of encapsulating RNA.","abstract_license":"CC-BY (article license as recorded by Europe PMC; abstract reproduced unmodified apart from markup removal)","license":"CC-BY","is_open_access":true,"retracted":false,"peer_reviewed":null,"categories":[],"details":null,"provenance":"europepmc","attribution":"Abstract of \"Inside out: optimization of lipid nanoparticle formulations for exterior complexation and in vivo delivery of saRNA\" by Blakney AK, McKay PF, Yus BI et al., https://doi.org/10.1038/s41434-019-0095-2, used under its Creative Commons Attribution license (CC-BY); markup removed, otherwise unmodified."},{"id":"doi:10.3389/fcimb.2024.1501010","kind":"review","title":"Computational biology and artificial intelligence in mRNA vaccine design for cancer immunotherapy","authors":["Saber İmani","Xiaoyan Li","Keyi Chen","Mazaher Maghsoudloo","Parham Jabbarzadeh Kaboli","Mehrdad Hashemi","Saloomeh Khoushab","Xiaoping Li"],"author_count":8,"year":2025,"published":"2025-01-20","venue":"Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology","cited_by":74,"doi":"10.3389/fcimb.2024.1501010","arxiv_id":null,"nct_id":null,"source_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2024.1501010","archive_url":"https://space-kitty.com/papers/doi:10.3389/fcimb.2024.1501010","updated":null,"pmid":"39902185","pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"W4406628288","pdf_url":null,"abstract":"Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines offer an adaptable and scalable platform for cancer immunotherapy, requiring optimal design to elicit a robust and targeted immune response. Recent advancements in bioinformatics and artificial intelligence (AI) have significantly enhanced the design, prediction, and optimization of mRNA vaccines. This paper reviews technologies that streamline mRNA vaccine development, from genomic sequencing to lipid nanoparticle (LNP) formulation. We discuss how accurate predictions of neoantigen structures guide the design of mRNA sequences that effectively target immune and cancer cells. Furthermore, we examine AI-driven approaches that optimize mRNA-LNP formulations, enhancing delivery and stability. These technological innovations not only improve vaccine design but also enhance pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, offering promising avenues for personalized cancer immunotherapy.","abstract_license":"CC-BY (publisher license, via OpenAlex)","license":"cc-by","is_open_access":true,"retracted":false,"peer_reviewed":null,"categories":["Immunotherapy and Immune Responses"],"details":null,"provenance":"openalex","attribution":"Abstract of \"Computational biology and artificial intelligence in mRNA vaccine design for cancer immunotherapy\" by Saber İmani, Xiaoyan Li, Keyi Chen et al., https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2024.1501010, used under its Creative Commons Attribution license (CC-BY); markup removed, otherwise unmodified."},{"id":"doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.1029069","kind":"review","title":"mRNA vaccines for cancer immunotherapy","authors":["Vishweshwaraiah YL","Dokholyan NV"],"author_count":2,"year":2022,"published":"2022-12-14","venue":"Frontiers in immunology","cited_by":120,"doi":"10.3389/fimmu.2022.1029069","arxiv_id":null,"nct_id":null,"source_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.1029069","archive_url":"https://space-kitty.com/papers/doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.1029069","updated":null,"pmid":"36591226","pmcid":"PMC9794995","openalex_id":null,"pdf_url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC9794995/pdf","abstract":"Immunotherapy has emerged as a breakthrough strategy in cancer treatment. mRNA vaccines are an attractive and powerful immunotherapeutic platform against cancer because of their high potency, specificity, versatility, rapid and large-scale development capability, low-cost manufacturing potential, and safety. Recent technological advances in mRNA vaccine design and delivery have accelerated mRNA cancer vaccines' development and clinical application. In this review, we present various cancer vaccine platforms with a focus on nucleic acid vaccines. We discuss rational design and optimization strategies for mRNA cancer vaccine development. We highlight the platforms available for delivery of the mRNA vaccines with a focus on lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) based delivery systems. Finally, we discuss the limitations of mRNA cancer vaccines and future challenges.","abstract_license":"CC-BY (article license as recorded by Europe PMC; abstract reproduced unmodified apart from markup removal)","license":"CC-BY","is_open_access":true,"retracted":false,"peer_reviewed":null,"categories":[],"details":null,"provenance":"europepmc","attribution":"Abstract of \"mRNA vaccines for cancer immunotherapy\" by Vishweshwaraiah YL, Dokholyan NV, https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.1029069, used under its Creative Commons Attribution license (CC-BY); markup removed, otherwise unmodified."},{"id":"doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1357217","kind":"review","title":"Personalized cancer vaccine design using AI-powered technologies","authors":["Anant Kumar","Shriniket Dixit","Kathiravan Srinivasan","M. Dinakaran","P. M. Durai Raj Vincent"],"author_count":5,"year":2024,"published":"2024-11-07","venue":"Frontiers in Immunology","cited_by":84,"doi":"10.3389/fimmu.2024.1357217","arxiv_id":null,"nct_id":null,"source_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2024.1357217","archive_url":"https://space-kitty.com/papers/doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1357217","updated":null,"pmid":"39582860","pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"W4404196756","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2024.1357217/pdf","abstract":"Immunotherapy has ushered in a new era of cancer treatment, yet cancer remains a leading cause of global mortality. Among various therapeutic strategies, cancer vaccines have shown promise by activating the immune system to specifically target cancer cells. While current cancer vaccines are primarily prophylactic, advancements in targeting tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) and neoantigens have paved the way for therapeutic vaccines. The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into cancer vaccine development is revolutionizing the field by enhancing various aspect of design and delivery. This review explores how AI facilitates precise epitope design, optimizes mRNA and DNA vaccine instructions, and enables personalized vaccine strategies by predicting patient responses. By utilizing AI technologies, researchers can navigate complex biological datasets and uncover novel therapeutic targets, thereby improving the precision and efficacy of cancer vaccines. Despite the promise of AI-powered cancer vaccines, significant challenges remain, such as tumor heterogeneity and genetic variability, which can limit the effectiveness of neoantigen prediction. Moreover, ethical and regulatory concerns surrounding data privacy and algorithmic bias must be addressed to ensure responsible AI deployment. The future of cancer vaccine development lies in the seamless integration of AI to create personalized immunotherapies that offer targeted and effective cancer treatments. This review underscores the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration and innovation in overcoming these challenges and advancing cancer vaccine development.","abstract_license":"CC-BY (publisher license, via OpenAlex)","license":"cc-by","is_open_access":true,"retracted":false,"peer_reviewed":null,"categories":["Immunotherapy and Immune Responses"],"details":null,"provenance":"openalex","attribution":"Abstract of \"Personalized cancer vaccine design using AI-powered technologies\" by Anant Kumar, Shriniket Dixit, Kathiravan Srinivasan et al., https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2024.1357217, used under its Creative Commons Attribution license (CC-BY); markup removed, otherwise unmodified."}],"next":"https://space-kitty.com/api/v1/topics/mrna-cancer-vaccines/papers?sort=top&limit=25&offset=25"}