{"topic":"quantum-communication-crypto","sort":"top","limit":25,"offset":0,"count":25,"papers":[{"id":"arxiv:2003.06557","kind":"article","title":"Quantum cryptography: Public key distribution and coin tossing","authors":["Charles H. Bennett","Gilles Brassard A"],"author_count":2,"year":2014,"published":"2014-10-08","venue":"Theoretical Computer Science","cited_by":8296,"doi":"10.1016/j.tcs.2014.05.025","arxiv_id":"2003.06557","nct_id":null,"source_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcs.2014.05.025","archive_url":"https://space-kitty.com/papers/arxiv:2003.06557","updated":"2020-03-14","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"W2015179126","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2003.06557","abstract":"When elementary quantum systems, such as polarized photons, are used to transmit digital information, the uncertainty principle gives rise to novel cryptographic phenomena unachievable with traditional transmission media, e.g. a communications channel on which it is impossible in principle to eavesdrop without a high probability of disturbing the transmission in such a way as to be detected. Such a quantum channel can be used in conjunction with ordinary insecure classical channels to distribute random key information between two users with the assurance that it remains unknown to anyone else, even when the users share no secret information initially. We also present a protocol for coin-tossing by exchange of quantum messages, which is secure against traditional kinds of cheating, even by an opponent with unlimited computing power, but ironically can be subverted by use of a still subtler quantum phenomenon, the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox.","abstract_license":"CC0-1.0 (arXiv descriptive metadata)","license":"cc-by-nc-nd","is_open_access":true,"peer_reviewed":null,"categories":["Quantum Information and Cryptography"],"details":null,"provenance":"openalex+arxiv","attribution":"Abstract: arXiv descriptive metadata (CC0). Thank you to arXiv for use of its open access interoperability. This service was not reviewed or approved by, nor does it necessarily express or reflect the policies or opinions of, arXiv."},{"id":"arxiv:1906.01645","kind":"article","title":"Advances in quantum cryptography","authors":["Stefano Pirandola","U. L. Andersen","Leonardo Banchi","Mario Berta","Darius Bunandar","Roger Colbeck","Dirk Englund","T. Gehring","Cosmo Lupo","Carlo Ottaviani","J. L. Pereira","Mohsen Razavi","Jesni Shamsul Shaari","Marco Tomamichel","V. C. Usenko","G. Vallone","P. Villoresi","P. Wallden"],"author_count":18,"year":2020,"published":"2020-02-27","venue":"Advances in Optics and Photonics","cited_by":2030,"doi":"10.1364/aop.361502","arxiv_id":"1906.01645","nct_id":null,"source_url":"https://doi.org/10.1364/aop.361502","archive_url":"https://space-kitty.com/papers/arxiv:1906.01645","updated":"2019-06-04","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"W2948602808","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1906.01645","abstract":"Quantum cryptography is arguably the fastest growing area in quantum information science. Novel theoretical protocols are designed on a regular basis, security proofs are constantly improving, and experiments are gradually moving from proof-of-principle lab demonstrations to in-field implementations and technological prototypes. In this review, we provide both a general introduction and a state of the art description of the recent advances in the field, both theoretically and experimentally. We start by reviewing protocols of quantum key distribution based on discrete variable systems. Next we consider aspects of device independence, satellite challenges, and high rate protocols based on continuous variable systems. We will then discuss the ultimate limits of point-to-point private communications and how quantum repeaters and networks may overcome these restrictions. Finally, we will discuss some aspects of quantum cryptography beyond standard quantum key distribution, including quantum data locking and quantum digital signatures.","abstract_license":"CC0-1.0 (arXiv descriptive metadata)","license":null,"is_open_access":true,"peer_reviewed":null,"categories":["Quantum Information and Cryptography"],"details":null,"provenance":"openalex+arxiv","attribution":"Abstract: arXiv descriptive metadata (CC0). Thank you to arXiv for use of its open access interoperability. This service was not reviewed or approved by, nor does it necessarily express or reflect the policies or opinions of, arXiv."},{"id":"arxiv:1109.1473","kind":"article","title":"Measurement-Device-Independent Quantum Key Distribution","authors":["Hoi‐Kwong Lo","Marcos Curty","Bing Qi"],"author_count":3,"year":2012,"published":"2012-03-30","venue":"Physical Review Letters","cited_by":2250,"doi":"10.1103/physrevlett.108.130503","arxiv_id":"1109.1473","nct_id":null,"source_url":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.108.130503","archive_url":"https://space-kitty.com/papers/arxiv:1109.1473","updated":"2012-05-28","pmid":"22540686","pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"W2020272675","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1109.1473","abstract":"How to remove detector side channel attacks has been a notoriously hard problem in quantum cryptography. Here, we propose a simple solution to this problem---*measurement* device independent quantum key distribution. It not only removes all detector side channels, but also doubles the secure distance with conventional lasers. Our proposal can be implemented with standard optical components with low detection efficiency and highly lossy channels. In contrast to the previous solution of full device independent QKD, the realization of our idea does not require detectors of near unity detection efficiency in combination with a qubit amplifier (based on teleportation) or a quantum non-demolition measurement of the number of photons in a pulse. Furthermore, its key generation rate is many orders of magnitude higher than that based on full device independent QKD. The results show that long-distance quantum cryptography over say 200km will remain secure even with seriously flawed detectors.","abstract_license":"CC0-1.0 (arXiv descriptive metadata)","license":null,"is_open_access":true,"peer_reviewed":null,"categories":["Quantum Information and Cryptography"],"details":null,"provenance":"openalex+arxiv","attribution":"Abstract: arXiv descriptive metadata (CC0). Thank you to arXiv for use of its open access interoperability. This service was not reviewed or approved by, nor does it necessarily express or reflect the policies or opinions of, arXiv."},{"id":"arxiv:1903.09051","kind":"article","title":"Secure quantum key distribution with realistic devices","authors":["Feihu Xu","Xiongfeng Ma","Qiang Zhang","Hoi‐Kwong Lo","Jian-Wei Pan"],"author_count":5,"year":2020,"published":"2020-05-26","venue":"Reviews of Modern Physics","cited_by":1558,"doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.92.025002","arxiv_id":"1903.09051","nct_id":null,"source_url":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.92.025002","archive_url":"https://space-kitty.com/papers/arxiv:1903.09051","updated":"2020-02-19","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"W3004357554","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1903.09051","abstract":"In principle, quantum key distribution (QKD) offers information-theoretic security based on the laws of physics. In practice, however, the imperfections of realistic devices might introduce deviations from the idealized models used in security analyses. Can quantum code-breakers successfully hack real systems by exploiting the side channels? Can quantum code-makers design innovative counter-measures to foil quantum code-breakers? This article reviews theoretical and experimental progress in the practical security aspects of quantum code-making and quantum code-breaking. After numerous attempts, researchers now thoroughly understand and are able to manage the practical imperfections. Recent advances, such as the measurement-device-independent protocol, have closed the critical side channels in the physical implementations, paving the way for secure QKD with realistic devices.","abstract_license":"CC0-1.0 (arXiv descriptive metadata)","license":null,"is_open_access":true,"peer_reviewed":null,"categories":["Quantum Information and Cryptography"],"details":null,"provenance":"openalex+arxiv","attribution":"Abstract: arXiv descriptive metadata (CC0). Thank you to arXiv for use of its open access interoperability. This service was not reviewed or approved by, nor does it necessarily express or reflect the policies or opinions of, arXiv."},{"id":"arxiv:1707.00542","kind":"article","title":"Satellite-to-ground quantum key distribution","authors":["Sheng‐Kai Liao","Wenqi Cai","Wei-Yue Liu","Liang Zhang","Yang Li","Ji-Gang Ren","Juan Yin","Qi Shen","Yuan Wen Cao","Zheng-Ping Li","Fengzhi Li","Xiawei Chen","Li-Hua Sun","Jianjun Jia","Jincai Wu","Xiaojun Jiang","Jianfeng Wang","Yongmei Huang","Qiang Wang","Yilin Zhou","Lei Deng","Tao Xi","Lu Ma","Tai Hu","Qiang Zhang"],"author_count":34,"year":2017,"published":"2017-08-07","venue":"Nature","cited_by":1821,"doi":"10.1038/nature23655","arxiv_id":"1707.00542","nct_id":null,"source_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/nature23655","archive_url":"https://space-kitty.com/papers/arxiv:1707.00542","updated":"2017-07-03","pmid":"28825707","pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"W2728092904","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1707.00542","abstract":"Quantum key distribution (QKD) uses individual light quanta in quantum superposition states to guarantee unconditional communication security between distant parties. In practice, the achievable distance for QKD has been limited to a few hundred kilometers, due to the channel loss of fibers or terrestrial free space that exponentially reduced the photon rate. Satellite-based QKD promises to establish a global-scale quantum network by exploiting the negligible photon loss and decoherence in the empty out space. Here, we develop and launch a low-Earth-orbit satellite to implement decoy-state QKD with over kHz key rate from the satellite to ground over a distance up to 1200 km, which is up to 20 orders of magnitudes more efficient than that expected using an optical fiber (with 0.2 dB/km loss) of the same length. The establishment of a reliable and efficient space-to-ground link for faithful quantum state transmission constitutes a key milestone for global-scale quantum networks.","abstract_license":"CC0-1.0 (arXiv descriptive metadata)","license":null,"is_open_access":true,"peer_reviewed":null,"categories":["Quantum Information and Cryptography"],"details":null,"provenance":"openalex+arxiv","attribution":"Abstract: arXiv descriptive metadata (CC0). Thank you to arXiv for use of its open access interoperability. This service was not reviewed or approved by, nor does it necessarily express or reflect the policies or opinions of, arXiv."},{"id":"openalex:W3008629526","kind":"article","title":"Advances in Quantum Cryptography","authors":["Stefano Pirandola","Ulrik L. Andersen","Leonardo Banchi","Mario Berta","Darius Bunandar","Roger Colbeck","Dirk Englund","Tobias Gehring","Cosmo Lupo","Carlo Ottaviani","Jason L. Pereira","Mohsen Razavi","Jesni Shamsul Shaari","Marco Tomamichel","Vladyslav C. Usenko","Giuseppe Vallone","Paolo Villoresi","Petros Wallden"],"author_count":18,"year":2019,"published":"2019-06-01","venue":"White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)","cited_by":1497,"doi":null,"arxiv_id":null,"nct_id":null,"source_url":"https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/147141/8/Review_Crypto_v14_arxiv.pdf","archive_url":"https://space-kitty.com/papers/openalex:W3008629526","updated":null,"pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"W3008629526","pdf_url":"https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/id/eprint/160809/1/Review_Crypto_v14_arxiv.pdf","abstract":null,"abstract_license":null,"license":null,"is_open_access":true,"peer_reviewed":null,"categories":["Quantum Information and Cryptography"],"details":null,"provenance":"openalex","attribution":"Metadata and citation counts: OpenAlex (CC0)."},{"id":"arxiv:1510.08863","kind":"article","title":"Fundamental limits of repeaterless quantum communications","authors":["Stefano Pirandola","Riccardo Laurenza","Carlo Ottaviani","Leonardo Banchi"],"author_count":4,"year":2017,"published":"2017-04-26","venue":"Nature Communications","cited_by":1395,"doi":"10.1038/ncomms15043","arxiv_id":"1510.08863","nct_id":null,"source_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms15043","archive_url":"https://space-kitty.com/papers/arxiv:1510.08863","updated":"2026-10-17","pmid":"28443624","pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"W2273682834","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms15043.pdf","abstract":"Quantum communications promises reliable transmission of quantum information, efficient distribution of entanglement and generation of completely secure keys. For all these tasks, we need to determine the optimal point-to-point rates that are achievable by two remote parties at the ends of a quantum channel, without restrictions on their local operations and classical communication, which can be unlimited and two-way. These two-way assisted capacities represent the ultimate rates that are reachable without quantum repeaters. By constructing an upperbound based on the relative entropy of entanglement and devising a dimension-independent technique dubbed \"teleportation stretching\", we establish these capacities for many fundamental channels, namely bosonic lossy channels, quantum-limited amplifiers, dephasing and erasure channels in arbitrary dimension. In particular, we determine the fundamental rate-loss trade-off affecting any protocol of quantum key distribution. Our findings set the ultimate limits of point-to-point quantum communications and provide the most precise and general benchmarks for quantum repeaters.","abstract_license":"CC0-1.0 (arXiv descriptive metadata)","license":"cc-by","is_open_access":true,"peer_reviewed":null,"categories":["Quantum Information and Cryptography"],"details":null,"provenance":"openalex+arxiv","attribution":"Abstract: arXiv descriptive metadata (CC0). Thank you to arXiv for use of its open access interoperability. This service was not reviewed or approved by, nor does it necessarily express or reflect the policies or opinions of, arXiv."},{"id":"arxiv:1811.06826","kind":"article","title":"Overcoming the rate-distance barrier of quantum key distribution without using quantum repeaters","authors":["Marco Lucamarini","Zhiliang Yuan","James F. Dynes","Andrew J. Shields"],"author_count":4,"year":2018,"published":"2018-11-16","venue":"Nature 557, 400-403 (2018)","cited_by":1246,"doi":"10.1038/s41586-018-0066-6","arxiv_id":"1811.06826","nct_id":null,"source_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1811.06826","archive_url":"https://space-kitty.com/papers/arxiv:1811.06826","updated":"2018-11-16","pmid":"29720656","pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"W2799278992","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1811.06826","abstract":"Quantum key distribution (QKD) allows two distant parties to share encryption keys with security based on physical laws. Experimentally, it has been implemented with optical means, achieving key rates of 1.26 Megabit/s over 50 kilometres (km) of standard optical fibre and 1.16 bit/hour over 404 km of ultralow-loss fibre in a measurement-device-independent configuration. Increasing the bit rate and range of QKD is a formidable, but important, challenge. A related target, currently considered unfeasible without quantum repeaters, is overcoming the fundamental rate-distance limit of point-to-point QKD. Here we introduce a conceptually new scheme where pairs of phase-randomised optical fields are first generated at two distant locations and then combined at a central measuring station. The fields imparted with the same random phase are \"twins\" and can be employed to distil a quantum key, as we prove under an explicit security assumption. The key rate of this Twin-Field QKD (TF-QKD) shows the same dependence on distance as a quantum repeater, scaling with the square-root of the channel transmittance, irrespective of whom is in control of the measuring station. Differently from a quantum repeater, however, the new scheme is feasible with current technology and presents manageable levels of noise even on 550 km of standard optical fibre. This is promising to overcome the QKD rate-distance barrier and to greatly extend the range of secure quantum communications.","abstract_license":"CC0-1.0 (arXiv descriptive metadata)","license":null,"is_open_access":true,"peer_reviewed":null,"categories":["quant-ph"],"details":null,"provenance":"arxiv+openalex","attribution":"Abstract: arXiv descriptive metadata (CC0). Thank you to arXiv for use of its open access interoperability. This service was not reviewed or approved by, nor does it necessarily express or reflect the policies or opinions of, arXiv."},{"id":"arxiv:1505.05303","kind":"article","title":"Secure quantum key distribution","authors":["Hoi‐Kwong Lo","Marcos Curty","Kiyoshi Tamaki"],"author_count":3,"year":2014,"published":"2014-07-31","venue":"Nature Photonics","cited_by":1301,"doi":"10.1038/nphoton.2014.149","arxiv_id":"1505.05303","nct_id":null,"source_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2014.149","archive_url":"https://space-kitty.com/papers/arxiv:1505.05303","updated":"2015-05-20","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"W1988134541","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1505.05303","abstract":"Secure communication plays a crucial role in the Internet Age. Quantum mechanics may revolutionise cryptography as we know it today. In this Review Article, we introduce the motivation and the current state of the art of research in quantum cryptography. In particular, we discuss the present security model together with its assumptions, strengths and weaknesses. After a brief introduction to recent experimental progress and challenges, we survey the latest developments in quantum hacking and counter-measures against it.","abstract_license":"CC0-1.0 (arXiv descriptive metadata)","license":"cc-by","is_open_access":true,"peer_reviewed":null,"categories":["Quantum Information and Cryptography"],"details":null,"provenance":"openalex+arxiv","attribution":"Abstract: arXiv descriptive metadata (CC0). Thank you to arXiv for use of its open access interoperability. This service was not reviewed or approved by, nor does it necessarily express or reflect the policies or opinions of, arXiv."},{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41586-022-04725-x","kind":"article","title":"Quantum computational advantage with a programmable photonic processor","authors":["Lars S. Madsen","Fabian Laudenbach","Mohsen Falamarzi Askarani","Fabien Rortais","Trevor J. Vincent","Jacob F. F. Bulmer","Filippo M. Miatto","Leonhard Neuhaus","L. G. Helt","Matthew J. Collins","Adriana E. Lita","Thomas Gerrits","Sae Woo Nam","Varun Vaidya","M. Menotti","Ish Dhand","Z. Vernon","Nicolás Quesada","Jonathan Lavoie"],"author_count":19,"year":2022,"published":"2022-06-01","venue":"Nature","cited_by":1020,"doi":"10.1038/s41586-022-04725-x","arxiv_id":null,"nct_id":null,"source_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04725-x","archive_url":"https://space-kitty.com/papers/doi:10.1038/s41586-022-04725-x","updated":null,"pmid":"35650354","pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"W4281891658","pdf_url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A quantum computer attains computational advantage when outperforming the best classical computers running the best-known algorithms on well-defined tasks. No photonic machine offering programmability over all its quantum gates has demonstrated quantum computational advantage: previous machines 1,2 were largely restricted to static gate sequences. Earlier photonic demonstrations were also vulnerable to spoofing 3 , in which classical heuristics produce samples, without direct simulation, lying closer to the ideal distribution than do samples from the quantum hardware. Here we report quantum computational advantage using Borealis, a photonic processor offering dynamic programmability on all gates implemented. We carry out Gaussian boson sampling 4 (GBS) on 216 squeezed modes entangled with three-dimensional connectivity 5 , using a time-multiplexed and photon-number-resolving architecture. On average, it would take more than 9,000 years for the best available algorithms and supercomputers to produce, using exact methods, a single sample from the programmed distribution, whereas Borealis requires only 36 μs. This runtime advantage is over 50 million times as extreme as that reported from earlier photonic machines. Ours constitutes a very large GBS experiment, registering events with up to 219 photons and a mean photon number of 125. This work is a critical milestone on the path to a practical quantum computer, validating key technological features of photonics as a platform for this goal.","abstract_license":"CC-BY (publisher license, via OpenAlex)","license":"cc-by","is_open_access":true,"peer_reviewed":null,"categories":["Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture"],"details":null,"provenance":"openalex","attribution":"Abstract of \"Quantum computational advantage with a programmable photonic processor\" by Lars S. Madsen, Fabian Laudenbach, Mohsen Falamarzi Askarani et al., https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04725-x, used under its Creative Commons Attribution license (CC-BY); markup removed, otherwise unmodified."},{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41586-020-03093-8","kind":"article","title":"An integrated space-to-ground quantum communication network over 4,600 kilometres","authors":["Yu-Ao Chen","Qiang Zhang","Teng‐Yun Chen","Wenqi Cai","Sheng‐Kai Liao","Jun Zhang","Kai Chen","Juan Yin","Ji-Gang Ren","Zhu Chen","Shenglong Han","YU Qing","Ken Liang","Fei Zhou","Xiao Yuan","Meisheng Zhao","Tian‐Yin Wang","Xiao Qiang Jiang","Liang Zhang","Wei-Yue Liu","Yang Li","Qi Shen","Yuan Wen Cao","Chao‐Yang Lu","Rong Shu"],"author_count":32,"year":2021,"published":"2021-01-06","venue":"Nature","cited_by":1043,"doi":"10.1038/s41586-020-03093-8","arxiv_id":null,"nct_id":null,"source_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-03093-8","archive_url":"https://space-kitty.com/papers/doi:10.1038/s41586-020-03093-8","updated":null,"pmid":"33408416","pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"W3118428022","pdf_url":null,"abstract":null,"abstract_license":null,"license":null,"is_open_access":false,"peer_reviewed":null,"categories":["Quantum Information and Cryptography"],"details":null,"provenance":"openalex","attribution":"Metadata and citation counts: OpenAlex (CC0)."},{"id":"arxiv:1103.3566","kind":"article","title":"Field test of quantum key distribution in the Tokyo QKD Network","authors":["M. Sasaki","Mikio Fujiwara","Hirokazu Ishizuka","Werner Klaus","Kentaro Wakui","Masahiro Takeoka","Shigehito Miki","T. Yamashita","Z. Wang","Akihiro Tanaka","K. Yoshino","Y. Nambu","Satoshi Takahashi","A. Tajima","Akihisa Tomita","T. Domeki","T. Hasegawa","Y. Sakai","Hiroshi Kobayashi","T. Asai","克宏 清水","Toshiyuki Tokura","Toyohiro Tsurumaru","M. Matsui","Toshimori Honjo"],"author_count":46,"year":2011,"published":"2011-05-11","venue":"Optics Express","cited_by":1171,"doi":"10.1364/oe.19.010387","arxiv_id":"1103.3566","nct_id":null,"source_url":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.19.010387","archive_url":"https://space-kitty.com/papers/arxiv:1103.3566","updated":"2011-03-18","pmid":"21643295","pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"W2003762972","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1103.3566","abstract":"A novel secure communication network with quantum key distribution in a metropolitan area is reported. Different QKD schemes are integrated to demonstrate secure TV conferencing over a distance of 45km, stable long-term operation, and application to secure mobile phones.","abstract_license":"CC0-1.0 (arXiv descriptive metadata)","license":null,"is_open_access":true,"peer_reviewed":null,"categories":["Quantum Information and Cryptography"],"details":null,"provenance":"openalex+arxiv","attribution":"Abstract: arXiv descriptive metadata (CC0). Thank you to arXiv for use of its open access interoperability. This service was not reviewed or approved by, nor does it necessarily express or reflect the policies or opinions of, arXiv."},{"id":"arxiv:1008.4593","kind":"article","title":"Hacking commercial quantum cryptography systems by tailored bright illumination","authors":["Lars Lydersen","Carlos Wiechers","Christoffer Wittmann","Dominique Elser","Johannes Skaar","Vadim Makarov"],"author_count":6,"year":2010,"published":"2010-08-29","venue":"Nature Photonics","cited_by":1143,"doi":"10.1038/nphoton.2010.214","arxiv_id":"1008.4593","nct_id":null,"source_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2010.214","archive_url":"https://space-kitty.com/papers/arxiv:1008.4593","updated":"2011-03-04","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"W2013622559","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1008.4593","abstract":"The peculiar properties of quantum mechanics allow two remote parties to communicate a private, secret key, which is protected from eavesdropping by the laws of physics. So-called quantum key distribution (QKD) implementations always rely on detectors to measure the relevant quantum property of single photons. Here we demonstrate experimentally that the detectors in two commercially available QKD systems can be fully remote-controlled using specially tailored bright illumination. This makes it possible to tracelessly acquire the full secret key; we propose an eavesdropping apparatus built of off-the-shelf components. The loophole is likely to be present in most QKD systems using avalanche photodiodes to detect single photons. We believe that our findings are crucial for strengthening the security of practical QKD, by identifying and patching technological deficiencies.","abstract_license":"CC0-1.0 (arXiv descriptive metadata)","license":null,"is_open_access":true,"peer_reviewed":null,"categories":["Quantum Information and Cryptography"],"details":null,"provenance":"openalex+arxiv","attribution":"Abstract: arXiv descriptive metadata (CC0). Thank you to arXiv for use of its open access interoperability. This service was not reviewed or approved by, nor does it necessarily express or reflect the policies or opinions of, arXiv."},{"id":"arxiv:1309.1137","kind":"article","title":"An optical lattice clock with accuracy and stability at the 10−18 level","authors":["Benjamin Bloom","Travis Nicholson","Jason Williams","Sara Campbell","Michael Bishof","Xiaogang Zhang","W. Zhang","Sarah Bromley","Jun Ye"],"author_count":9,"year":2014,"published":"2014-01-22","venue":"Nature","cited_by":1073,"doi":"10.1038/nature12941","arxiv_id":"1309.1137","nct_id":null,"source_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12941","archive_url":"https://space-kitty.com/papers/arxiv:1309.1137","updated":"2013-12-05","pmid":"24463513","pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"W2036614989","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1309.1137","abstract":"The exquisite control exhibited over quantum states of individual particles has revolutionized the field of precision measurement, as exemplified by the most accurate atomic clock realized in single trapped ions. Whereas many-atom lattice clocks have shown advantages in measurement precision over trapped-ion clocks, their accuracy has remained 20 times worse. Here we demonstrate, for the first time, that a many-atom system achieves accuracy (6x10^{-18}) better than a single ion-based clock, with vastly reduced averaging times (3000 s). This is the first time a single clock has achieved the best performance in all three key ingredients necessary for consideration as a primary standard - stability, reproducibility, and accuracy. This work paves the way for future experiments to integrate many-body quantum state engineering into the frontiers of quantum metrology, creating exciting opportunities to advance precision beyond the standard quantum limit. Improved frequency standards will have impact to a wide range of fields from the realization of the SI units, the development of quantum sensors, to precision tests of the fundamental laws of nature.","abstract_license":"CC0-1.0 (arXiv descriptive metadata)","license":null,"is_open_access":true,"peer_reviewed":null,"categories":["Advanced Frequency and Time Standards"],"details":null,"provenance":"openalex+arxiv","attribution":"Abstract: arXiv descriptive metadata (CC0). Thank you to arXiv for use of its open access interoperability. This service was not reviewed or approved by, nor does it necessarily express or reflect the policies or opinions of, arXiv."},{"id":"arxiv:1707.00934","kind":"article","title":"Ground-to-satellite quantum teleportation","authors":["Ji-Gang Ren","Ping Xu","Hai-Lin Yong","Liang Zhang","Sheng‐Kai Liao","Juan Yin","Wei-Yue Liu","Wenqi Cai","Meng Yang","Li Li","Kui-Xing Yang","Xuan Han","Yongqiang Yao","Ji Li","Wu Haiyan","Song Wan","Lei Liu","Dingquan Liu","Yaowu Kuang","Zhiping He","Peng Shang","Cheng Guo","Ru-Hua Zheng","Kai Tian","Zhencai Zhu"],"author_count":32,"year":2017,"published":"2017-08-07","venue":"Nature","cited_by":964,"doi":"10.1038/nature23675","arxiv_id":"1707.00934","nct_id":null,"source_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/nature23675","archive_url":"https://space-kitty.com/papers/arxiv:1707.00934","updated":"2017-07-04","pmid":"28825708","pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"W2725161044","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1707.00934","abstract":"An arbitrary unknown quantum state cannot be precisely measured or perfectly replicated. However, quantum teleportation allows faithful transfer of unknown quantum states from one object to another over long distance, without physical travelling of the object itself. Long-distance teleportation has been recognized as a fundamental element in protocols such as large-scale quantum networks and distributed quantum computation. However, the previous teleportation experiments between distant locations were limited to a distance on the order of 100 kilometers, due to photon loss in optical fibres or terrestrial free-space channels. An outstanding open challenge for a global-scale \"quantum internet\" is to significantly extend the range for teleportation. A promising solution to this problem is exploiting satellite platform and space-based link, which can conveniently connect two remote points on the Earth with greatly reduced channel loss because most of the photons' propagation path is in empty space. Here, we report the first quantum teleportation of independent single-photon qubits from a ground observatory to a low Earth orbit satellite - through an up-link channel - with a distance up to 1400 km. To optimize the link efficiency and overcome the atmospheric turbulence in the up-link, a series of techniques are developed, including a compact ultra-bright source of multi-photon entanglement, narrow beam divergence, high-bandwidth and high-accuracy acquiring, pointing, and tracking (APT). We demonstrate successful quantum teleportation for six input states in mutually unbiased bases with an average fidelity of 0.80+/-0.01, well above the classical limit. This work establishes the first ground-to-satellite up-link for faithful and ultra-long-distance quantum teleportation, an essential step toward global-scale quantum internet.","abstract_license":"CC0-1.0 (arXiv descriptive metadata)","license":null,"is_open_access":true,"peer_reviewed":null,"categories":["Quantum Information and Cryptography"],"details":null,"provenance":"openalex+arxiv","attribution":"Abstract: arXiv descriptive metadata (CC0). Thank you to arXiv for use of its open access interoperability. This service was not reviewed or approved by, nor does it necessarily express or reflect the policies or opinions of, arXiv."},{"id":"arxiv:1210.6216","kind":"article","title":"Experimental demonstration of long-distance continuous-variable quantum key distribution","authors":["Paul Jouguet","Sébastien Kunz-Jacques","Anthony Leverrier","Philippe Grangier","Eleni Diamanti"],"author_count":5,"year":2013,"published":"2013-04-14","venue":"Nature Photonics","cited_by":870,"doi":"10.1038/nphoton.2013.63","arxiv_id":"1210.6216","nct_id":null,"source_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2013.63","archive_url":"https://space-kitty.com/papers/arxiv:1210.6216","updated":"2012-10-23","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"W2057334759","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1210.6216","abstract":"Distributing secret keys with information-theoretic security is arguably one of the most important achievements of the field of quantum information processing and communications. The rapid progress in this field has enabled quantum key distribution (QKD) in real-world conditions and commercial devices are now readily available. QKD systems based on continuous variables present the major advantage that they only require standard telecommunication technology, and in particular, that they do not use photon counters. However, these systems were considered up till now unsuitable for long-distance communication. Here, we overcome all previous limitations and demonstrate for the first time continuous-variable quantum key distribution over 80 km of optical fibre. The demonstration includes all aspects of a practical scenario, with real-time generation of secret keys, stable operation in a regular environment, and use of finite-size data blocks for secret information computation and key distillation. Our results correspond to an implementation guaranteeing the strongest level of security for QKD reported to date for such long distances and pave the way to practical applications of secure quantum communications.","abstract_license":"CC0-1.0 (arXiv descriptive metadata)","license":null,"is_open_access":true,"peer_reviewed":null,"categories":["Quantum Information and Cryptography"],"details":null,"provenance":"openalex+arxiv","attribution":"Abstract: arXiv descriptive metadata (CC0). Thank you to arXiv for use of its open access interoperability. This service was not reviewed or approved by, nor does it necessarily express or reflect the policies or opinions of, arXiv."},{"id":"arxiv:0909.0950","kind":"article","title":"The uncertainty principle in the presence of quantum memory","authors":["Mario Berta","Matthias Christandl","Roger Colbeck","Joseph M. Renes","Renato Renner"],"author_count":5,"year":2010,"published":"2010-07-25","venue":"Nature Physics","cited_by":846,"doi":"10.1038/nphys1734","arxiv_id":"0909.0950","nct_id":null,"source_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/nphys1734","archive_url":"https://space-kitty.com/papers/arxiv:0909.0950","updated":"2011-03-01","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"W2040362900","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/nphys1734.pdf","abstract":"The uncertainty principle, originally formulated by Heisenberg, dramatically illustrates the difference between classical and quantum mechanics. The principle bounds the uncertainties about the outcomes of two incompatible measurements, such as position and momentum, on a particle. It implies that one cannot predict the outcomes for both possible choices of measurement to arbitrary precision, even if information about the preparation of the particle is available in a classical memory. However, if the particle is prepared entangled with a quantum memory, a device which is likely to soon be available, it is possible to predict the outcomes for both measurement choices precisely. In this work we strengthen the uncertainty principle to incorporate this case, providing a lower bound on the uncertainties which depends on the amount of entanglement between the particle and the quantum memory. We detail the application of our result to witnessing entanglement and to quantum key distribution.","abstract_license":"CC0-1.0 (arXiv descriptive metadata)","license":null,"is_open_access":true,"peer_reviewed":null,"categories":["Quantum Information and Cryptography"],"details":null,"provenance":"openalex+arxiv","attribution":"Abstract: arXiv descriptive metadata (CC0). Thank you to arXiv for use of its open access interoperability. This service was not reviewed or approved by, nor does it necessarily express or reflect the policies or opinions of, arXiv."},{"id":"doi:10.1145/2535925","kind":"article","title":"On Ideal Lattices and Learning with Errors over Rings","authors":["Vadim Lyubashevsky","Chris Peikert","Oded Regev"],"author_count":3,"year":2013,"published":"2013-11-01","venue":"Journal of the ACM","cited_by":842,"doi":"10.1145/2535925","arxiv_id":null,"nct_id":null,"source_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2535925","archive_url":"https://space-kitty.com/papers/doi:10.1145/2535925","updated":null,"pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"W2071825329","pdf_url":null,"abstract":null,"abstract_license":null,"license":null,"is_open_access":false,"peer_reviewed":null,"categories":["Cryptography and Data Security"],"details":null,"provenance":"openalex","attribution":"Metadata and citation counts: OpenAlex (CC0)."},{"id":"arxiv:1606.06821","kind":"article","title":"Measurement-Device-Independent Quantum Key Distribution Over a 404 km Optical Fiber","authors":["Hua‐Lei Yin","Teng‐Yun Chen","Zong‐Wen Yu","Hui Liu","Lixing You","Yi-Heng Zhou","Sijing Chen","Yingqiu Mao","Mingqi Huang","Weijun Zhang","Hao Chen","Ming Jun Li","Daniel A. Nolan","Fei Zhou","Xiao Qiang Jiang","Zhen Wang","Qiang Zhang","Xiang‐Bin Wang","Jian-Wei Pan"],"author_count":19,"year":2016,"published":"2016-11-02","venue":"Physical Review Letters","cited_by":837,"doi":"10.1103/physrevlett.117.190501","arxiv_id":"1606.06821","nct_id":null,"source_url":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.117.190501","archive_url":"https://space-kitty.com/papers/arxiv:1606.06821","updated":"2016-06-22","pmid":"27858431","pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"W2472755367","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1606.06821","abstract":"Quantum key distribution (QKD) can provide unconditional secure communication between two distant parties. Although the significance of QKD is undisputed, its feasibility has been questioned because of certain limitations in the practical application of real-life QKD systems. It is a common belief the lack of perfect single-photon source and the existence of detection loss will handicap the feasibility of QKD by creating security loopholes and distance limitations. The measurement device independent QKD (MDIQKD) with decoy-state method removes the security threats from both the imperfect single-photon source and the detection loss. Lengthening the distance and improving the key rate of QKD with such a superior method is thus the central issue in the practical application of QKD. Here, we report the results of MDIQKD over 404 km of ultralow-loss optical fibre and 311 km of standard optical fibre by employing an optimized four-intensity decoy-state method. This record-breaking implementation of MDIQKD method not only provides a new distance record for both MDIQKD and all types of QKD systems, more significantly, it achieves a distance that the traditional BB84 QKD would not be able to achieve with the same detection devices even with ideal single-phone sources. For the first time, our work demonstrates that with the MDIQKD method, imperfect devices can achieve better results than what ideal sources could have achieved. This work represents a significant step towards proving and developing a feasible long-distance QKD.","abstract_license":"CC0-1.0 (arXiv descriptive metadata)","license":null,"is_open_access":true,"peer_reviewed":null,"categories":["Quantum Information and Cryptography"],"details":null,"provenance":"openalex+arxiv","attribution":"Abstract: arXiv descriptive metadata (CC0). Thank you to arXiv for use of its open access interoperability. This service was not reviewed or approved by, nor does it necessarily express or reflect the policies or opinions of, arXiv."},{"id":"arxiv:1606.05853","kind":"article","title":"Practical challenges in quantum key distribution","authors":["Eleni Diamanti","Hoi-Kwong Lo","Bing Qi","Zhiliang Yuan"],"author_count":4,"year":2016,"published":"2016-11-07","venue":"npj Quantum Information","cited_by":823,"doi":"10.1038/npjqi.2016.25","arxiv_id":"1606.05853","nct_id":null,"source_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/npjqi.2016.25","archive_url":"https://space-kitty.com/papers/arxiv:1606.05853","updated":"2016-06-19","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"W2473315843","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/npjqi201625.pdf","abstract":"Quantum key distribution (QKD) promises unconditional security in data communication and is currently being deployed in commercial applications. Nonetheless, before QKD can be widely adopted, it faces a number of important challenges such as secret key rate, distance, size, cost and practical security. Here, we survey those key challenges and the approaches that are currently being taken to address them.","abstract_license":"CC0-1.0 (arXiv descriptive metadata)","license":"cc-by","is_open_access":true,"peer_reviewed":null,"categories":["Quantum Information and Cryptography"],"details":null,"provenance":"openalex+arxiv","attribution":"Abstract: arXiv descriptive metadata (CC0). Thank you to arXiv for use of its open access interoperability. This service was not reviewed or approved by, nor does it necessarily express or reflect the policies or opinions of, arXiv."},{"id":"arxiv:1801.04418","kind":"article","title":"Satellite-Relayed Intercontinental Quantum Network","authors":["Sheng‐Kai Liao","Wenqi Cai","Johannes Handsteiner","Bo Liu","Juan Yin","Liang Zhang","Dominik Rauch","Matthias Fink","Ji-Gang Ren","Wei-Yue Liu","Yang Li","Qi Shen","Yuan Wen Cao","Fengzhi Li","Jianfeng Wang","Yongmei Huang","Lei Deng","Tao Xi","Lu Ma","Tai Hu","Li Li","Nai-Le Liu","Franz Koidl","Peiyuan Wang","Yu-Ao Chen"],"author_count":36,"year":2018,"published":"2018-01-19","venue":"Physical Review Letters","cited_by":793,"doi":"10.1103/physrevlett.120.030501","arxiv_id":"1801.04418","nct_id":null,"source_url":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.120.030501","archive_url":"https://space-kitty.com/papers/arxiv:1801.04418","updated":"2018-01-13","pmid":"29400544","pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"W2783159008","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1801.04418","abstract":"We perform decoy-state quantum key distribution between a low-Earth-orbit satellite and multiple ground stations located in Xinglong, Nanshan, and Graz, which establish satellite-to-ground secure keys with ~kHz rate per passage of the satellite Micius over a ground station. The satellite thus establishes a secure key between itself and, say, Xinglong, and another key between itself and, say, Graz. Then, upon request from the ground command, Micius acts as a trusted relay. It performs bitwise exclusive OR operations between the two keys and relays the result to one of the ground stations. That way, a secret key is created between China and Europe at locations separated by 7600 km on Earth. These keys are then used for intercontinental quantum-secured communication. This was on the one hand the transmission of images in a one-time pad configuration from China to Austria as well as from Austria to China. Also, a videoconference was performed between the Austrian Academy of Sciences and the Chinese Academy of Sciences, which also included a 280 km optical ground connection between Xinglong and Beijing. Our work points towards an efficient solution for an ultralong-distance global quantum network, laying the groundwork for a future quantum internet.","abstract_license":"CC0-1.0 (arXiv descriptive metadata)","license":null,"is_open_access":true,"peer_reviewed":null,"categories":["Quantum Information and Cryptography"],"details":null,"provenance":"openalex+arxiv","attribution":"Abstract: arXiv descriptive metadata (CC0). Thank you to arXiv for use of its open access interoperability. This service was not reviewed or approved by, nor does it necessarily express or reflect the policies or opinions of, arXiv."},{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2401-y","kind":"article","title":"Entanglement-based secure quantum cryptography over 1,120 kilometres","authors":["Juan Yin","Yu-Huai Li","Sheng‐Kai Liao","Meng Yang","Yuan Wen Cao","Liang Zhang","Ji-Gang Ren","Wenqi Cai","Wei-Yue Liu","Shuang-Lin Li","Rong Shu","Yongmei Huang","Lei Deng","Li Li","Qiang Zhang","Nai-Le Liu","Yu-Ao Chen","Chao‐Yang Lu","Xiang‐Bin Wang","Feihu Xu","Jianyu Wang","Cheng-Zhi Peng","ARTUR K. EKERT","Jian-Wei Pan"],"author_count":24,"year":2020,"published":"2020-06-15","venue":"Nature","cited_by":759,"doi":"10.1038/s41586-020-2401-y","arxiv_id":null,"nct_id":null,"source_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2401-y","archive_url":"https://space-kitty.com/papers/doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2401-y","updated":null,"pmid":"32541968","pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"W3035099916","pdf_url":null,"abstract":null,"abstract_license":null,"license":null,"is_open_access":false,"peer_reviewed":null,"categories":["Quantum Information and Cryptography"],"details":null,"provenance":"openalex","attribution":"Metadata and citation counts: OpenAlex (CC0)."},{"id":"arxiv:2102.04471","kind":"article","title":"Realization of a multinode quantum network of remote solid-state qubits","authors":["Matteo Pompili","Sophie Hermans","Simon Baier","Hans K. C. Beukers","P. C. Humphreys","Raymond N. Schouten","R. F. L. Vermeulen","M. J. Tiggelman","L. dos Santos Martins","Bas Dirkse","Stephanie Wehner","Ronald Hanson"],"author_count":12,"year":2021,"published":"2021-04-15","venue":"Science","cited_by":724,"doi":"10.1126/science.abg1919","arxiv_id":"2102.04471","nct_id":null,"source_url":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abg1919","archive_url":"https://space-kitty.com/papers/arxiv:2102.04471","updated":"2021-02-08","pmid":"33859028","pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"W3127491185","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2102.04471","abstract":"The distribution of entangled states across the nodes of a future quantum internet will unlock fundamentally new technologies. Here we report on the experimental realization of a three-node entanglement-based quantum network. We combine remote quantum nodes based on diamond communication qubits into a scalable phase-stabilized architecture, supplemented with a robust memory qubit and local quantum logic. In addition, we achieve real-time communication and feed-forward gate operations across the network. We capitalize on the novel capabilities of this network to realize two canonical protocols without post-selection: the distribution of genuine multipartite entangled states across the three nodes and entanglement swapping through an intermediary node. Our work establishes a key platform for exploring, testing and developing multi-node quantum network protocols and a quantum network control stack.","abstract_license":"CC0-1.0 (arXiv descriptive metadata)","license":null,"is_open_access":true,"peer_reviewed":null,"categories":["Quantum Information and Cryptography"],"details":null,"provenance":"openalex+arxiv","attribution":"Abstract: arXiv descriptive metadata (CC0). Thank you to arXiv for use of its open access interoperability. This service was not reviewed or approved by, nor does it necessarily express or reflect the policies or opinions of, arXiv."},{"id":"arxiv:1109.1435","kind":"article","title":"One-sided device-independent quantum key distribution: Security, feasibility, and the connection with steering","authors":["Cyril Branciard","Eric G. Cavalcanti","Stephen Patrick Walborn","Valerio Scarani","Howard M. Wiseman"],"author_count":5,"year":2012,"published":"2012-01-03","venue":"Physical Review A","cited_by":763,"doi":"10.1103/physreva.85.010301","arxiv_id":"1109.1435","nct_id":null,"source_url":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.85.010301","archive_url":"https://space-kitty.com/papers/arxiv:1109.1435","updated":"2012-01-23","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"W2082249447","pdf_url":"http://link.aps.org/pdf/10.1103/PhysRevA.85.010301","abstract":"We analyze the security and feasibility of a protocol for Quantum Key Distribution (QKD), in a context where only one of the two parties trusts his measurement apparatus. This scenario lies naturally between standard QKD, where both parties trust their measurement apparatuses, and Device-Independent QKD (DI-QKD), where neither does, and can be a natural assumption in some practical situations. We show that the requirements for obtaining secure keys are much easier to meet than for DI-QKD, which opens promising experimental opportunities. We clarify the link between the security of this one-sided DI-QKD scenario and the demonstration of quantum steering, in analogy to the link between DI-QKD and the violation of Bell inequalities.","abstract_license":"CC0-1.0 (arXiv descriptive metadata)","license":null,"is_open_access":true,"peer_reviewed":null,"categories":["Quantum Information and Cryptography"],"details":null,"provenance":"openalex+arxiv","attribution":"Abstract: arXiv descriptive metadata (CC0). Thank you to arXiv for use of its open access interoperability. This service was not reviewed or approved by, nor does it necessarily express or reflect the policies or opinions of, arXiv."},{"id":"arxiv:1807.03222","kind":"article","title":"Secure Quantum Key Distribution over 421 km of Optical Fiber","authors":["Alberto Boaron","Gianluca Boso","Davide Rusca","Cédric Vulliez","Claire Autebert","Misael Caloz","Matthieu Perrenoud","Gaëtan Gras","Félix Bussières","Ming-Jun Li","Daniel A. Nolan","Anthony Martin","Hugo Zbinden"],"author_count":13,"year":2018,"published":"2018-11-05","venue":"Physical Review Letters","cited_by":728,"doi":"10.1103/physrevlett.121.190502","arxiv_id":"1807.03222","nct_id":null,"source_url":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.121.190502","archive_url":"https://space-kitty.com/papers/arxiv:1807.03222","updated":"2018-07-09","pmid":"30468607","pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"W2849152050","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1807.03222","abstract":"We present a quantum key distribution system with a 2.5 GHz repetition rate using a three-state time-bin protocol combined with a one-decoy approach. Taking advantage of superconducting single-photon detectors optimized for quantum key distribution and ultra low-loss fiber, we can distribute secret keys at a maximum distance of 421 km and obtain secret key rates of 6.5 bps over 405 km.","abstract_license":"CC0-1.0 (arXiv descriptive metadata)","license":"other-oa","is_open_access":true,"peer_reviewed":null,"categories":["Quantum Information and Cryptography"],"details":null,"provenance":"openalex+arxiv","attribution":"Abstract: arXiv descriptive metadata (CC0). Thank you to arXiv for use of its open access interoperability. This service was not reviewed or approved by, nor does it necessarily express or reflect the policies or opinions of, arXiv."}],"next":"https://space-kitty.com/api/v1/topics/quantum-communication-crypto/papers?sort=top&limit=25&offset=25"}