# Infectious Disease, Vaccines & Antimicrobial Resistance: State of the Field (October 2026)

Research dossier · v1 · updated 2026-10-30 · 3,440 words · 48 sources · 29 claims · verification: verified

Covers the burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance (AMR), priority-pathogen frameworks, surveillance and stewardship, vaccines and azithromycin prophylaxis as AMR-relevant levers, twice-yearly lenacapavir for HIV prevention, and AI-assisted and phage-based approaches. The main takeaway: burden estimates are large but their projections are contested, at least 13 new antibiotics against priority pathogens have been approved since 2017, and evidence that vaccines or prophylaxis reduce resistance is mostly indirect.

## Contents

- Executive summary
- Background and core concepts
- Timeline of key milestones
- State of the art
  - Burden and surveillance
  - Consumption and stewardship
  - Vaccines and resistance
  - Long-acting HIV prevention
  - Azithromycin prophylaxis and mass administration
  - AI-assisted discovery and surveillance
  - Phage therapy
  - Quantitative benchmarks
- Open problems and active debates
- Major programs and players
- Outlook: what to watch (next 12-18 months)
- Key papers
- Glossary

## Sample findings

- Bacterial AMR was associated with approximately 5 million deaths in 2019, per the summary analysis by Ho et al. (2025).
- Deaths attributable to bacterial AMR are a smaller count than deaths associated with AMR; the Global Burden of Disease analyses report both.

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