# Ultra high-density, 4096-channel intraoperative neurophysiological brain mapping for functional localization of the human central sulcus

Article · Skular AF, Tostaeva G, Ho E, Dister J, Cummins DD, Barth K, Nunez L, Poole A, Mermel CH, Rapoport B, Bederson JB, Saez I

- Archive id: doi:10.1088/1741-2552/aea70f
- Published: 2026-10-21
- Venue: Journal of neural engineering
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2552/aea70f
- PMID: 42735699
- Citations: 0
- Source URL: https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2552/aea70f
- Provenance: europepmc

## Abstract

Objective. Intraoperative localization of the central sulcus (CS) using somatosensory evoked-potential (SSEP) phase reversal (PR) is routinely performed with sparse subdural strip electrodes. We evaluated whether a multi-array, 4096-channel surface micro-electrocorticography ( μ ECoG) configuration could provide dense two-dimensional sampling of stimulus-dependent sensorimotor responses within a standard neurosurgical workflow. Approach. Four Precision Neuroscience Layer 7 μ ECoG arrays (1024 platinum electrodes per array on a flexible polyimide substrate, 400 μ m electrode pitch, ∼1.5 cm 2 active area per array) were deployed during resection of a right parafalcine meningioma in a 56-year-old male. Two arrays were placed horizontally on the exposed precentral gyrus; two were inserted under the intact dura overlying the postcentral gyrus, using a custom flexible stylet. Somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) were recorded across five contralateral stimulation conditions (median nerve, ulnar nerve, index finger, middle finger, ring finger). Per-electrode SSEP responses were classified without anatomical labels, and spatial organization was quantified across stimulation conditions. Stimulus-locked high-gamma activity, digit-response maps, and signal quality across micro- and macroelectrodes were also evaluated. Main results. Aggregate channel yield was 91.3% (3739/4096) at a 2 MΩ impedance criterion (per-array range 86.7%-97.0%). Per-electrode amplitude maps resolved continuous phase-reversal contours with stimulus-specific spatial structure; reversal latencies were 19, 21, 25, 26, and 25 ms for median, ulnar, index, middle, and ring stimulation respectively. PR occurred within a single array in eight of ten sensory-array recordings, with the phase-reversal pattern varying across stimulation conditions. Digit responses showed measurable spatial differentiation within substantially overlapping response fields. Automated classification of the phase-reversal responses recovered the expected motor and sensory organization, consistent with the standard-of-care intraoperative localization performed in the same case. Significance. The deployment shows that a four-array Layer 7 μ ECoG configuration can be used within a standard neurosurgical exposure and provides dense two-dimensional sampling of stimulus-dependent phase-reversal patterns across the peri-Rolandic recording field. The measured responses were correlated across approximately 3-4 mm of cortex, an order of magnitude coarser than the 400 μ m electrode pitch, so the contribution demonstrated here is dense spatial sampling rather than submillimeter physiological resolution. Dense sampling rendered the polarity transition as a continuous two-dimensional boundary across the recording field rather than as a reversal between two adjacent contacts. The platform supports future evaluation of high-density surface μ ECoG for intraoperative mapping and chronic brain-computer interface applications.

_Abstract reproduced under CC-BY (article license as recorded by Europe PMC; abstract reproduced unmodified apart from markup removal)._

Topics: [Brain-Computer Interfaces](https://space-kitty.com/topics/brain-computer-interfaces)

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