# Infectious Disease, Vaccines & Antimicrobial Resistance Domain: Advanced Medicine · 253 papers indexed · newest 2026-10-27 New antibiotic classes and AI-discovered antibiotics, phage therapy, long-acting HIV prevention and next-generation vaccines. Key concepts: antimicrobial resistance, antibiotic discovery ## Research dossier (premium) **Infectious Disease, Vaccines & Antimicrobial Resistance: State of the Field (October 2026)** (v1, updated 2026-10-30; 3,440 words, 48 sources, 29 evidence-mapped claims) Covers the burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance (AMR), priority-pathogen frameworks, surveillance and stewardship, vaccines and azithromycin prophylaxis as AMR-relevant levers, twice-yearly lenacapavir for HIV prevention, and AI-assisted and phage-based approaches. The main takeaway: burden estimates are large but their projections are contested, at least 13 new antibiotics against priority pathogens have been approved since 2017, and evidence that vaccines or prophylaxis reduce resistance is mostly indirect. - Preview (free): https://space-kitty.com/api/v1/dossiers/infectious-disease-amr/preview - Full dossier ($0.20 via x402): https://space-kitty.com/api/v1/dossiers/infectious-disease-amr - Research pack ($0.20): https://space-kitty.com/api/v1/topics/infectious-disease-amr/pack ## Most influential - **[Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis](https://space-kitty.com/papers/doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)02724-0)**. Christopher J L Murray, Kevin Shunji Ikuta, Fablina Sharara et al. · 2022 · The Lancet (doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)02724-0 · 16,288 citations). Source: > BACKGROUND: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a major threat to human health around the world. Previous publications have estimated the effect of AMR on incidence, deaths, hospital length of stay, and health-care costs for specific pathogen-drug combinations in select locations. To our knowledge, this study presents the most comprehensive estimates of AMR burden to date. METHODS: We estimated deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) attributable to and associated with bacterial AMR for 23 pathogens and 88 pathogen-drug combinations in 204 countries and territories in 2019. We obtai… > _Abstract excerpt by Christopher J L Murray et al., CC-BY, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(21)02724-0; truncated._ - **[Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance 1990–2021: a systematic analysis with forecasts to 2050](https://space-kitty.com/papers/doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(24)01867-1)**. Mohsen Naghavi, Stein Emil Vollset, Kevin Shunji Ikuta et al. · 2024 · The Lancet (doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(24)01867-1 · 3,903 citations). Source: > BACKGROUND: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses an important global health challenge in the 21st century. A previous study has quantified the global and regional burden of AMR for 2019, followed with additional publications that provided more detailed estimates for several WHO regions by country. To date, there have been no studies that produce comprehensive estimates of AMR burden across locations that encompass historical trends and future forecasts. METHODS: We estimated all-age and age-specific deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) attributable to and associated with bacterial… > _Abstract excerpt by Mohsen Naghavi et al., CC-BY, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(24)01867-1; truncated._ - **[Global mortality associated with 33 bacterial pathogens in 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019](https://space-kitty.com/papers/doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(22)02185-7)**. Kevin Shunji Ikuta, Lucien R Swetschinski, Gisela Robles Aguilar et al. · 2022 · The Lancet (doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(22)02185-7 · 2,232 citations). Source: > BACKGROUND: Reducing the burden of death due to infection is an urgent global public health priority. Previous studies have estimated the number of deaths associated with drug-resistant infections and sepsis and found that infections remain a leading cause of death globally. Understanding the global burden of common bacterial pathogens (both susceptible and resistant to antimicrobials) is essential to identify the greatest threats to public health. To our knowledge, this is the first study to present global comprehensive estimates of deaths associated with 33 bacterial pathogens across 11 majo… > _Abstract excerpt by Kevin Shunji Ikuta et al., CC-BY, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(22)02185-7; truncated._ - **[The WHO Bacterial Priority Pathogens List 2024: a prioritisation study to guide research, development, and public health strategies against antimicrobial resistance](https://space-kitty.com/papers/doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(25)00118-5)**. Hatim F. Sati, Elena Carrara, Alessia Savoldi et al. · 2025 · The Lancet Infectious Diseases (doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(25)00118-5 · 947 citations). Source: > BACKGROUND: The 2017 WHO Bacterial Priority Pathogens List (BPPL) has been instrumental in guiding global policy, research and development, and investments to address the most urgent threats from antibiotic-resistant pathogens, and it is a key public health tool for the prevention and control of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Since its release, at least 13 new antibiotics targeting bacterial priority pathogens have been approved. The 2024 WHO BPPL aims to refine and build on the previous list by incorporating new data and evidence, addressing previous limitations, and improving pathogen prior… > _Abstract excerpt by Hatim F. Sati et al., CC-BY, https://doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(25)00118-5; truncated._ - **[Open-access bacterial population genomics: BIGSdb software, the PubMLST.org website and their applications](https://space-kitty.com/papers/doi:10.12688/wellcomeopenres.14826.1)**. Jolley KA, Bray JE, Maiden MCJ · 2018 · Wellcome open research (doi:10.12688/wellcomeopenres.14826.1 · 3,086 citations). Source: > The PubMLST.org website hosts a collection of open-access, curated databases that integrate population sequence data with provenance and phenotype information for over 100 different microbial species and genera. Although the PubMLST website was conceived as part of the development of the first multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) scheme in 1998 the software it uses, the Bacterial Isolate Genome Sequence database (BIGSdb, published in 2010), enables PubMLST to include all levels of sequence data, from single gene sequences up to and including complete, finished genomes. Here we describe developme… > _Abstract excerpt by Jolley KA et al., CC-BY, https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.14826.1; truncated._ - **[Antimicrobial resistance: Impacts, challenges, and future prospects](https://space-kitty.com/papers/doi:10.1016/j.glmedi.2024.100081)**. Sirwan Khalid Ahmed, Safin Hassan Hussein, Karzan Qurbani et al. · 2024 · Journal of Medicine Surgery and Public Health (doi:10.1016/j.glmedi.2024.100081 · 1,252 citations). Source: > Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a critical global health issue driven by antibiotic misuse and overuse in various sectors, leading to the emergence of resistant microorganisms. The history of AMR dates back to the discovery of penicillin, with the rise of multidrug-resistant pathogens posing significant challenges to healthcare systems worldwide. The misuse of antibiotics in human and animal health, as well as in agriculture, contributes to the spread of resistance genes, creating a "Silent Pandemic" that could surpass other causes of mortality by 2050. AMR affects both humans and animals, w… > _Abstract excerpt by Sirwan Khalid Ahmed et al., CC-BY, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.glmedi.2024.100081; truncated._ - **[CARD 2020: antibiotic resistome surveillance with the comprehensive antibiotic resistance database](https://space-kitty.com/papers/doi:10.1093/nar/gkz935)**. Alcock BP, Raphenya AR, Lau TTY et al. · 2020 · Nucleic acids research (doi:10.1093/nar/gkz935 · 2,855 citations). Source: > The Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database (CARD; https://card.mcmaster.ca) is a curated resource providing reference DNA and protein sequences, detection models and bioinformatics tools on the molecular basis of bacterial antimicrobial resistance (AMR). CARD focuses on providing high-quality reference data and molecular sequences within a controlled vocabulary, the Antibiotic Resistance Ontology (ARO), designed by the CARD biocuration team to integrate with software development efforts for resistome analysis and prediction, such as CARD's Resistance Gene Identifier (RGI) software. Since… > _Abstract excerpt by Alcock BP et al., CC-BY, https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkz935; truncated._ - **[Antimicrobial Resistance in ESKAPE Pathogens](https://space-kitty.com/papers/doi:10.1128/cmr.00181-19)**. David M. P. De Oliveira, Brian M. Forde, Timothy J. Kidd et al. · 2020 · Clinical Microbiology Reviews (doi:10.1128/cmr.00181-19 · 2,102 citations). Source: - **[Antimicrobial Resistance: A Growing Serious Threat for Global Public Health](https://space-kitty.com/papers/doi:10.3390/healthcare11131946)**. Salam MA, Al-Amin MY, Salam MT et al. · 2023 · Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) (doi:10.3390/healthcare11131946 · 1,428 citations). Source: > Antibiotics are among the most important discoveries of the 20th century, having saved millions of lives from infectious diseases. Microbes have developed acquired antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to many drugs due to high selection pressure from increasing use and misuse of antibiotics over the years. The transmission and acquisition of AMR occur primarily via a human-human interface both within and outside of healthcare facilities. A huge number of interdependent factors related to healthcare and agriculture govern the development of AMR through various drug-resistance mechanisms. The emergenc… > _Abstract excerpt by Salam MA et al., CC-BY, https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11131946; truncated._ - **[Attributable deaths and disability-adjusted life-years caused by infections with antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the EU and the European Economic Area in 2015: a population-level modelling analysis](https://space-kitty.com/papers/doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(18)30605-4)**. Cassini A, Högberg LD, Plachouras D et al. · 2019 · The Lancet. Infectious diseases (doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(18)30605-4 · 2,136 citations). Source: > Background Infections due to antibiotic-resistant bacteria are threatening modern health care. However, estimating their incidence, complications, and attributable mortality is challenging. We aimed to estimate the burden of infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria of public health concern in countries of the EU and European Economic Area (EEA) in 2015, measured in number of cases, attributable deaths, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). Methods We estimated the incidence of infections with 16 antibiotic resistance-bacterium combinations from European Antimicrobial Resistance… > _Abstract excerpt by Cassini A et al., CC-BY, https://doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(18)30605-4; truncated._ - **[Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)](https://space-kitty.com/papers/doi:10.3389/bjbs.2023.11387)**. Ka Wah Kelly Tang, Beverley Cherie Millar, John Edmund Moore · 2023 · British Journal of Biomedical Science (doi:10.3389/bjbs.2023.11387 · 1,038 citations). Source: > Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has now emerged as a chronic public health problem globally, with the forecast of 10 million deaths per year globally by 2050. AMR occurs when viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites do not respond to antimicrobial treatments in humans and animals, thus allowing the survival of the microorganism within the host. The prominent cause contributing to the current crisis remains to be the overuse and misuse of antimicrobials, particularly the inappropriate usage of antibiotics, increasing the global burden of antimicrobial resistance. The global consumption and usage o… > _Abstract excerpt by Ka Wah Kelly Tang et al., CC-BY, https://doi.org/10.3389/bjbs.2023.11387; truncated._ - **[Global, regional, and national disease burden estimates of acute lower respiratory infections due to respiratory syncytial virus in young children in 2015: a systematic review and modelling study](https://space-kitty.com/papers/doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(17)30938-8)**. Shi T, McAllister DA, O'Brien KL et al. · 2017 · Lancet (London, England) (doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(17)30938-8 · 1,997 citations). Source: > Background We have previously estimated that respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) was associated with 22% of all episodes of (severe) acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) resulting in 55 000 to 199 000 deaths in children younger than 5 years in 2005. In the past 5 years, major research activity on RSV has yielded substantial new data from developing countries. With a considerably expanded dataset from a large international collaboration, we aimed to estimate the global incidence, hospital admission rate, and mortality from RSV-ALRI episodes in young children in 2015. Methods We estimated the … > _Abstract excerpt by Shi T et al., CC-BY, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(17)30938-8; truncated._ - **[AMRFinderPlus and the Reference Gene Catalog facilitate examination of the genomic links among antimicrobial resistance, stress response, and virulence](https://space-kitty.com/papers/doi:10.1038/s41598-021-91456-0)**. Feldgarden M, Brover V, Gonzalez-Escalona N et al. · 2021 · Scientific reports (doi:10.1038/s41598-021-91456-0 · 1,516 citations). Source: > Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a significant public health threat. With the rise of affordable whole genome sequencing, in silico approaches to assessing AMR gene content can be used to detect known resistance mechanisms and potentially identify novel mechanisms. To enable accurate assessment of AMR gene content, as part of a multi-agency collaboration, NCBI developed a comprehensive AMR gene database, the Bacterial Antimicrobial Resistance Reference Gene Database and the AMR gene detection tool AMRFinder. Here, we describe the expansion of the Reference Gene Database, now called the Refere… > _Abstract excerpt by Feldgarden M et al., CC-BY, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-91456-0; truncated._ - **[Will 10 Million People Die a Year due to Antimicrobial Resistance by 2050?](https://space-kitty.com/papers/doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002184)**. Marlieke E.A. de Kraker, Andrew James Stewardson, Stéphan Harbarth · 2016 · PLoS Medicine (doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002184 · 1,608 citations). Source: > Points• A recent high profile report estimates that, by 2050, 10 million people will die every year due to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) unless a global response to the problem of AMR is mounted.• There is undoubtedly a large clinical and public health burden associated with AMR, but it is challenging to quantify the associated excess morbidity and mortality. > _Abstract excerpt by Marlieke E.A. de Kraker et al., CC-BY, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002184; truncated._ - **[Access to effective antimicrobials: a worldwide challenge](https://space-kitty.com/papers/doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(15)00474-2)**. Ramanan Laxminarayan, Precious Matsoso, Suraj Pant et al. · 2015 · The Lancet (doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(15)00474-2 · 1,461 citations). Source: ## Newest - **[Evaluation of the Effect of Antibiotic Prophylaxis During Lumpectomy for Breast Cancer: Prospective Randomised Double-blind Noninferiority Study of Placebo vs Cefazolin](https://space-kitty.com/papers/nct:NCT07898943)**. University Hospital, Clermont-Ferrand · 2026 · ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT07898943). Source: - **[Health Diplomacy in Limited-Resource Settings in Africa: What It Takes Towards a Realistic, Resilient and Equitable Agenda?](https://space-kitty.com/papers/doi:10.1002/puh2.70381)**. Edward M, Willilo RA, Sama G et al. · 2026 · Public health challenges (doi:10.1002/puh2.70381). Source: - **[Subverting colonization resistance: \Salmonella\ pathogenesis at the interface of microbiota, metabolism and inflammasome](https://space-kitty.com/papers/doi:10.1080/21505594.2026.2745323)**. Gao Z, Li Z, Cui J et al. · 2026 · Virulence (doi:10.1080/21505594.2026.2745323). Source: - **[The impact of prophylactic azithromycin on the developing preterm gut microbiome and resistome](https://space-kitty.com/papers/doi:10.1080/19490976.2026.2748147)**. Ahearn-Ford S, Aboklaish A, Young GR et al. · 2026 · Gut microbes (doi:10.1080/19490976.2026.2748147). Source: - **[Effects on health and antioxidant status of oral supplementation of hazelnut skin extract in dairy calves with neonatal diarrhea: a randomized clinical trial in hospitalized patients](https://space-kitty.com/papers/doi:10.1080/01652176.2026.2691428)**. Boccardo A, Sannazzaro M, Sala G et al. · 2026 · The veterinary quarterly (doi:10.1080/01652176.2026.2691428). Source: - **[Genomic characterization of \Aliarcobacter\ spp. from livestock in commercial and smallholder farms and from children in Ghana and Tanzania](https://space-kitty.com/papers/doi:10.1016/j.onehlt.2026.101616)**. Zautner AE, Paintsil EK, Akenten CW et al. · 2026 · One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) (doi:10.1016/j.onehlt.2026.101616). Source: - **[High willingness to receive a vaccine for gonorrhoea prevention among gay, bisexual, queer, and other sexuality diverse men, and non-binary people in Australia](https://space-kitty.com/papers/doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.129233)**. Hammoud M, Holt M, Broady TR et al. · 2026 · Vaccine (doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.129233). Source: - **[Extended spectrum beta lactamases and carbapenemase-producing \Escherichia coli\ in humans, animals and the environment in East Africa: a scoping review](https://space-kitty.com/papers/doi:10.1016/j.onehlt.2026.101606)**. Macha ME, Ayitewala A, Nakanjako D · 2026 · One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) (doi:10.1016/j.onehlt.2026.101606). Source: - **[Dietary licorice improves carcass yield, hepatocellular protection, gut health, oxidative status, and cecal bacterial balance in broiler chickens](https://space-kitty.com/papers/doi:10.1016/j.vas.2026.100892)**. Egbu CF, Smit CJ · 2026 · Veterinary and animal science (doi:10.1016/j.vas.2026.100892). Source: - **[Efficacy of Short Course of Intravenous Dexamethasone and Intravenous Immunoglobulin Therapy in Infection-Related Secondary Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis (isHLH)](https://space-kitty.com/papers/nct:NCT07861776)**. Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh · 2026 · ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT07861776). Source: ## Clinical trials - **[Effects of Mass Drug Administration of Azithromycin on Mortality and Other Outcomes Among 1-11 Month Old Infants in Mali](https://space-kitty.com/papers/nct:NCT04424511)**. Tampere University · 2020 · ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04424511). Source: - **[Randomised Evaluation of COVID-19 Therapy](https://space-kitty.com/papers/nct:NCT04381936)**. University of Oxford · 2020 · ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04381936). Source: - **[Azithromycin-Prevention in Labor Use Study (A-PLUS)](https://space-kitty.com/papers/nct:NCT03871491)**. NICHD Global Network for Women's and Children's Health · 2019 · ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03871491). Source: - **[Sanitation, Water, and Instruction in Face-washing for Trachoma I/II](https://space-kitty.com/papers/nct:NCT02754583)**. University of California, San Francisco · 2016 · ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02754583). Source: - **[Selective Decontamination of the Digestive Tract in Intensive Care Unit Patients](https://space-kitty.com/papers/nct:NCT02389036)**. The George Institute · 2015 · ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02389036). Source: - **[Azithromycin Prophylaxis for PRElabor CEsarean DElivery Trial](https://space-kitty.com/papers/nct:NCT06605118)**. The George Washington University Biostatistics Center · 2024 · ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT06605118). Source: - **[Randomized, Embedded, Multifactorial Adaptive Platform Trial for Community- Acquired Pneumonia](https://space-kitty.com/papers/nct:NCT02735707)**. UMC Utrecht · 2016 · ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02735707). Source: - **[Reducing Mortality in Adults With Advanced HIV Disease (REVIVE)](https://space-kitty.com/papers/nct:NCT05580666)**. Population Health Research Institute · 2022 · ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05580666). Source: --- Space Kitty Archive · https://space-kitty.com · API: https://space-kitty.com/api/v1 · MCP: https://space-kitty.com/mcp · Premium: $0.20/request via x402 (Base Sepolia (testnet)). Metadata: arXiv (CC0), OpenAlex (CC0), Europe PMC (CC BY/CC0 works), ClinicalTrials.gov.