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Research dossier · version 1 · updated Oct 30, 2026

Carbon Dioxide Removal: State of the Field (October 2026)

This dossier surveys carbon dioxide removal as of October 2026, covering direct air capture sorbents and their energy and cost constraints, enhanced rock weathering, ocean alkalinity enhancement, and monitoring, reporting and verification. The most important takeaway is that durable removal at scale depends on low-carbon energy and on measurement methods that can separate removed carbon from natural background variability, and that most field-scale evidence is still early.

3,597 words47 sources28 evidence-mapped claims6 benchmarks18 timeline events✓ citation-verified Oct 30, 2026

AI-assisted synthesis of the cited literature, independently fact-checked against its sources; not peer reviewed.

Contents

  1. Executive summary
  2. Background and core concepts
  3. Timeline of key milestones
  4. State of the art
  5. Direct air capture: sorbents, solvents and regeneration
  6. Energy, cost and life-cycle evidence for DAC
  7. Enhanced rock weathering on land
  8. Ocean alkalinity enhancement and marine ERW
  9. Monitoring, reporting and verification
  10. Quantitative benchmarks
  11. Open problems and active debates
  12. Major programs and players
  13. Outlook: what to watch
  14. Key papers
  15. Glossary

Sample findings

  • Conventional DAC processes require 230 to 800 kJ of thermal energy per mole of CO2 for regeneration.
  • Converted to thermal energy per tonne of CO2, the 230 to 800 kJ per mole range is roughly 1.5 to 5 MWh.
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